How? Other intertextual measures have been chosen as, for example, the chi-square (Grieve, 2007), the Delta (Burrows, 2002), or using the Kullback-Leibler divergence (Zhao and Zobel, 2007). The second proposes to consider four overall stylistic measurements and applies them to the different candidates while the last sub-section describes the differences in the distribution of the grammatical categories between candidates. The third longest distance (0.467) can be found between Cruz and OMalley. The remaining variations can be largely explained by the speaker. Sanders answers and remarks are clearly more focused on a few topics. Grounded on this measure, one can compute the intertextual distance between all nine candidates. Go around to check and to monitor as students share their ideas and progress. Those terms correspond to recurrent thematic words or expressions on which the author wants to insist. Similarly, written texts can be memorized and then spoken. Yes, I do believe that now after the American people bailed Wall Street out, yes, they should pay a Wall Street speculation tax so that we can make public colleges and universities tuition-free. (B. Sanders, 11 February 2016), Why does the fossil fuel industry pay, spend huge amounts of money on campaign contributions? (B. Sanders, 11 February 2016), I do believe that in the year 2016 we have to look terms of public education as colleges as part of public education making public colleges and universities tuition free. (B. Sanders, 11 February 2016). In this essay, we will analyze the rhetorical strategies used by Anne Hutchinson in her sermons . 1 depicts three main groups, one Democrat, and two Republicans. These examples show that Cruzs rhetoric is more complex with the highest LD mean and the largest percentage of BW (see Table 3). Anne Hutchinson was a prominent figure in the religious and political landscape of colonial America. They then analyze the suggestions made by Galbraith and Stevenson and compare them to the delivered version of the speech. What would you put at the top of the list? In another study, Yu (2013) reveals that (political) feminine figures tend to use emotional words more frequently and employ more personal pronouns than men. Using graphical views to represent results of stylistic analysis is not new in quantitative linguistics studies. Reserve the library for Session Three so the students can do research on their speeches. Analyzing Historical Presidential Inaugural Addresses | C-SPAN Classroom The pronoun we stays ambiguous (Who is behind the we? From a lexical perspective, one can see the over-used term budget, usually more frequently used in governmental speeches than in the electoral ones. That is what Barack Obama, the president of the United States, tries to do in his speech "Back to School " delivered at Wakefield High School in Arlington, Virginia, on September 8, 2009. Professor Mercieca, thanks for talking with us. The intensity of his ego can also be revealed by the fact that the most specific term in his dialogue is also the pronoun I (see Table 6). One can also see that all values are relatively close to 19, except for Trump who is adopting an even more simple and direct communication style. of Illinois and Democratic presidential candidate in 1952 and 1956. Which rhetorical technique does this paragraph demonstrate? Finally, have students work on writing their papers by writing their introductions with an enticing grab or hook. If time permits, have students share their work. What are bank runs, deposit insurance, and liquidity? Provide a copy of the. Former President Clintons I Have Sinned Speech. To reflect the style, one can consider the k top most frequent lemmas from our electoral corpus. (2007) were able to determine the personalities of different political candidates (US presidential election in 2004). Exploring the Power of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Words through Diamante Poetry. More broadly, rhetorical strategies also include rhetorical devices and rhetorical appeals. The presence of long sentences (OMalley, Clinton, Sanders) indicates a substantiated reasoning or specifies the presence of detailed explanations. Set up students inheterogeneousgroups of four. An indispensable resource for understanding the U.S. presidency, Presidential Studies Quarterly offers articles, features, review essays, and book reviews covering all aspects of the American presidency. The maximum value per grammatical category is shown in bold, and the minimum in italics. %PDF-1.7 Their analysis will consider questions such as What makes the speech an argument?, How did the author's rhetoric evoke a response from the audience?, and Why are the words still venerated today? 2. detects/vbz detect/vb). With the immigration issue for example, Trump prefers using the term immigration presenting this question more at an abstract level. Even if pronouns are more frequent in dialogue or in oral form than in written communication (Biber and Conrad, 2009), the high frequency of I and we is a fundamental characteristic of political speech. The only time that you see presidents using the rhetorical strategy of reification, which is treating people as objects, is when they're using war rhetoric. <>/Metadata 515 0 R/ViewerPreferences 516 0 R>> The same feature can be assigned to Sanders. In LIWC, the generation of the word lists was done based on the judgments of three experts instead of simply concatenating various existing lists. A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS OF DONALD J. TRUMP'S INAUGURAL ADDRESS DANIELLE F. DICKERSON 2019 In this thesis, I utilized three distinct theories (ideographs, dramatism, and the bully pulpit) to rhetorically analyze and assess President Trump's 2017 inaugural address. Even if the topics are not directly and fully controlled by the candidates, the debate format corresponds to a more spontaneous form of communication, able to reveal more closely the real person behind her/his projected image. None of the other Democrat candidates shows a clear intensive use of this pronoun. Can one discover the rhetorical features that can explain a Trump or Clinton success? 'we, us, ours', or 'wars, war') or lemmas (dictionary entries such as 'we' or 'war . Cruz adopts an opposite style, focusing more on topical forms and expressions. This rhetoric problem was recognized by previous US president such as President Johnson who told his speechwriters: I want four-letter words, and I want four sentences to the paragraph. (Hart, 1984). Many people assume that the speaker (president, senator, etc.) Both are preferring to repeat their arguments instead of introducing other subjects. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of EADH. Another element of rhetorical analysis is simply reading and summarizing the text. This new representation has been chosen, and the result is displayed in Fig. And we've seen that has really specific results. The analysis of the most frequent terms reveals some important themes of the 2016 primary election. You may wish to share information from the ReadWriteThink.org lesson. analyze a speech for rhetorical devices and their purpose. From the set of the ten most over-used terms corresponding to H. Clinton depicted in Table 6, the first following sentence contains four (Senator, Sanders, to, I). A modern president must be able to use speech and rhetoric to his or her strongest advantage to anticipate, address or mediate crisis (Davis & Gardner, 2012). MERCIECA: And those are ways of, you know, attacking in the moment but also signaling to his followers that no one should trust the media. Hillary appears more feminine than the other candidates, using more I than we, and showing a higher frequency in the category Human interest (e.g. Rhetorical analysis is a type of college essay in which the writer conducts a deep analysis of an object. the relative frequency of different pronouns, positive emotions) and using a set of composite indices reflecting the cognitive complexity, presidentially, or honesty of each candidate. To compute this value, the word types are ranked according to their absolute frequency, from the most frequent to the least frequent one. Table 4 presents these distributions, in percentage, over the nine candidates. A better solution is to apply a clustering method (e.g. For example, from data depicted in Table 2, Trump, Clinton, and Sander prefers using I instead of we, while Kasich, OMalley, and Bush are using more frequently the pronoun we. Like to punch him in the face, I'll tell you. And so what that means is that you can't predict who exactly will respond, but you can predict with certainty that someone will respond. Moreover, Trump is using pronouns lessexcept Ithan the others. . PDF Presidential Rhetoric: Definition of a Field of Study Allow students to select a speech from the. Usually, a longer sentence is more complex to understand, especially in the oral communication form. Le discours des premiers ministres qubcois: 1960-2005. So when you have a president using . Among his most specific terms, one can see Mexico, and deal reflecting two of his main concerns (immigration, and commercial trade agreements). When considering overall stylistic indicators (see Table 3), Clinton, OMalley, and Sanders present a high LD value as well as a higher number of BW and TTR ratio than the mean. Speech Analysis: Elements, Steps & Examples - Study.com According to several overall stylistic indicators, candidate Trump clearly adopted a simple and direct communication style, avoiding complex formulation and vocabulary. (They might be surprised at the answer. Rhetorical Analysis: Compare and Contrast Four Speeches on Civil Rights Common Core Standards Purpose: The following four speeches explore the tensions found within the American ideals of individual liberty and universal equality. Subjects: . Rhetorical Analysis Of Prince Earl Spencer's Eulogy For Diana It studies the rhetorical strategies that help the speakers to achieve the desired goal effectively, and add persuasiveness to the addresses. A Rhetorical Criticism and Analysis of President Ronald Reagan's Inaugural Address: Applying the Burkeian Dramatistic Pentad Approach Marzuki Jamil Baki bin Haji Mohamed Johar Bachik Eastern Illinois University This research is a product of the graduate program inSpeech Communicationat Eastern Illinois University. health care reform in 1993). rhetorical devices also helped in analyzing Obama's rhetorical strategies to understand the connection of the president's ar guments with respect to its logos, ethos, and pathos. 2 0 obj The third section presents briefly some statistics about our corpus. Pathos-based rhetorical strategies are any strategies that get the audience to "open up" to the topic, the argument, or to the author. JENNIFER MERCIECA: Thank you for having me. Just after the announcement of his candidacy for President (16 June 2015), his candidacy was mainly viewed as marginal, without pertinent interest, and without a real future. Accuracy and availability may vary. B) A person is attacked rather than an argument. 4. You saw people over the last few weeks planning an insurrection and, in fact, invading the Capitol and then later saying, I'm here because my president told me to be. How does repetition create meaning in this excerpt? the Congress) and these studies are mainly grounded on the written form. Start your introduction paragraph with an attention-getter or hook. This is a good date to look at famous speeches and what they include and why. To define the lemma of each token, the part-of-speech (POS) tagger developed by Toutanova et al. They need to understand the climate, but they do not need to be complete experts on the historical details in order to understand the elements of the speech. COMM 1020 classes include a Great Speeches assignment, where you need to find and analyze an influential speech from history. Former governors tend to use more frequently the we than the I (e.g. The next section presents some related research in computer-based analysis of political speeches. Also grounded on several dictionaries (or categories), Young and Soroka (2012) describe how one can detect and measure sentiments appearing in political texts. Students explore the "I Have a Dream" Foundation's website and brainstorm ways they can help themselves or others at their school achieve their educational dreams. Rhetoric is a useful strategy to utilize in speech making. Discuss a particular rhetorical device that the President used and the purpose it served. Moreover, the temporal period of the documents constitutes an important factor explaining the variations between presidents or prime ministers. Skills: In completing this assignment, you will practice the following skills that are essential to your success at MCC and your professional life beyond school. O Voting in the municipal election is a matter of life and death. The author uses rhetorical strategies to create a tone of pity and contempt for Phil, which shows how people who prioritize work over life are sad creatures who hurt the people around them. O A person is attacked rather than an argument. Donald Trump instead attacks, right? Four global stylistic measurements according to TV debates. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions They should locate their speech and print a copy for them to begin annotating for argumentative structure and rhetorical devices. On this icy day in Washington D. C, Barack Obama gave his inaugural speech after taking the oath of office. If a state does not appear in the drop-down, standard alignments are not currently available for that state. Maria Engberg, Iben Have and Birgitte Stougaard Pedersen (eds), About Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, About the European Association for Digital Humanities, About the Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations, 4 Evaluation of Stylistic Characteristics of the Candidates, 5 Evaluation of Topical Characteristics of the Candidates, http://observer.com/2016/11/email-reveals-clinton-camp-spied-on-sanders-delegates-before-convention/, https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/about_us/legal/notices, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 EADH: The European Association for Digital Humanities. What is Speech Analysis? The questions that you can use to examine a text's rhetorical situation are in Chapter 6.2. Rhetorical Analysis Of The Eulogy Of President Obama. Step 1: Identify a Speech. Inside the Republican party, the outcome of the fight was more uncertain, in part by the larger number of candidates (seventeen vs. six), and the leading position occupied by Jeb Bush in the beginning of the primaries. . Table 2 reports the top ten most frequent lemmas for each selected candidate. O "The people of the United States have already formed their opinions and well understand the implications to the very life and safety of our Nation.". One can compare them to those employed by US presidents in their inaugural addresses (Kubt and Cech, 2016). As a first indicator, one can consider the mean sentence length (MSL) reflecting a syntactical choice. This could include a speech from a United States president or other political figures, a leader of a movement such as Susan B. Anthony or Martin Luther King Jr., or a more modern speech like a . Table 3 indicates that the percentage of BW varies from 18.3% (Trump) to 26.4% (Cruz, and Sanders). Rhetorical Analysis Of Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address Barnum, trying to, you know, redirect our attention and yet keep our attention all of the time. In this session, students will respond each other's drafts using the, Determine and discuss the final due date with your students. family, man, person, etc.). A more general overview of using different computer-based strategy to detect and extract topical information from political texts can be found in (Grimmer and Stewart, 2013). The rhetorical situation is the context out of a which a text is created. such as press releases; Labb and Monire, 2013). They can peruse print or online news sources to select a current event that interests them. In your essay, you will identify strategies and analyze how the speaker uses them to represent his or her position. 920. Table 4 confirms that Trump owns a style very distinct than the others. Trump or Clinton). Better performance levels can be achieved when the training examples are extracted from the same time period as the test set. Obama stated many things in his speech, which Clark states related to four rhetorical strategies: The power of allusion, parallelism, the "two-ness" of texture, and autobiography. The article aims to reveal the similar tendencies in rhetorical speeches used by the political leaders. If time permits, discuss how politicians and speech writers employ rhetorical strategies to influence the opinions of their audience members. The authors scrutinized the role of the audience in Bush's and Obama's victory speeches. 3.3 Understanding the Writing Assignment; 3.4 Creating the Thesis; 3.5 Revising Your Draft(s) . In the current study, two candidates (Clinton and Trump) have opted for centering their communication around their person. This study found a positive correlation between the presidential approval polls and positive tweets containing the hashtag #obama. As another frequently used word, one can see say (five candidates), country, know, go (four candidates), and president, think for three candidates. It's through this lesson that students are allowed to see how politicians and leaders manipulate and influence their audiences using specific rhetorical devices in a manner that's so effective that the speeches are revered even today. For example, positive emotion words occur more frequently in Democrats tweets than in Republican ones, as well as swear expressions, or first singular person pronouns (e.g. A candidate who wants to stay in the race must put forward him/her-self. With a similar value and following the same tendency, one can find Trump and Paul. The frequency table reveals that some lexical terms can appear before the h-point. As previously with Trump, the first person singular pronoun is clearly over-used (I, me). The Eloquent Woman: contains famous and not-so-famous speeches by women on all sorts of issues as well as . The public perceived J. Kerry as a kind of depressed person, serious, somber, and cold, adopting more frequently negative emotion expressions (e.g. For example, starting with Bush, one can follow the branch until reaching the central point, then one can go along the lines leading to the second person (e.g. Which quotation from Roosevelt's request for a declaration of war is an example of a hasty generalization?
analyzing rhetorical strategies in presidential speeches assignment