puerto rican baseball players in the hall of fame

These amazing players have made a name for themselves as the bestPuerto Ricanbaseball players of all time. Puerto Rico: Small Island, Hall of Fame Legacy - La Vida Baseball By the time that he was 8 years old, Roberto joined his first team. Cepeda was the unanimous choice for Rookie of the Year in 1958 and was the National League MVP in 1967. Jose Altuve (Venezuela): We'll see if the Astros' sign-stealing scandal impacts Altuve's candidacy, but his on-field rsum so far -- two World Series championships, three batting titles, six Silver Sluggers, eight All-Star selections -- speaks for itself. Perucho played from 1928 to 1950, hitting .400 in the Dominican Republic and tearing up the Venezuelan league numerous times. Vladimir Guerrero, Dominican Republic (2018, second ballot): One of the most distinctive and dynamic players of his era, Guerrero raked his way to Cooperstown. Or write about sports? Baseball is our life. Beginning at the age of 5, he developed a habit of taking rubber balls and tennis balls and bouncing them against the walls and ceiling of the family house. Including their names in the Major League Baseball draft is a requisite for first-year players born in Puerto Rico, because the league recognizes the island as a jurisdiction within the United States. I love it for its little nuances, the strategy involved, the drama of a close game, late innings situation, and its deep history. Taking a Look at the All-Time Puerto Rico Team | Seamheads.com The Puerto Rico native opened the door, but it took a while for many to join him. He will be joined by former batting champion and 2006 NL Rookie of the Year, Hanley Ramirez (Dominican Republic). Also, the list includes Puerto Rican players with Dominican, Cuban or other countries heritage. PDF 73rd DAY THURSDAY, APRIL 27, 2023 2419 JOURNAL OF THE HOUSE Sixty Born in Carolina, Puerto Rico, Clemente is arguably the most famous and influential Latino baseball player of all time. But after back-to-back trips to the World Baseball Classic finals and the rise of a new generation led by talented youngsters including the Astros Carlos Correa, the Cubs Javy Bez and the Indians Francisco Lindor, the game has regained firm footing on the island. It is important to mention that some players from the negro leagues are not included in the list because they are still under research, since no evidence has been found so far of any participation in at least a single game in an organized baseball league. Alomar racked up a career .273 batting average over 4,865 career at-bats while picking up 1,236 hits, 249 doubles, 112 home runs, and 588 runs batted in. Hes the only Puerto Rican to hit .400 in the islands Winter League at two different positions: shortstop and first base. Over those 19 MLB schedules, Molina has racked up nine Gold Glove awards, four Platinum Glove awards, and six Field Bible awards. The first Puerto Rican to star in the Negro leagues, Millito played forthe Cuban Stars in 1928 and 1929. Hes never been fully recognized, despite winning 18 games for the Cubs in 1943 and leading the National League that season with seven shutouts. That includes Francisco Pancho Coimbre, one of the best outfielders in Latin America, and maybe anywhere. Self-guided tour or VIP experience. Puerto Rican baseball legend Roberto Clemente holds a special place in fans' hearts. The Puerto Rican Baseball Hall of Fame(Saln de la Fama del Bisbol Profesional de Puerto Rico) is an organization dedicated to honoring baseball players of note who were born in or had significant connections with Puerto Rico. Luisa and Melchors extreme work ethic, along with a proper sense of priorities, strongly influenced the young Clemente. Puerto Rico may not have the storied history of Cuba, where professional baseball took root in 1878 and where the warm winters drew all-star barnstorming teams for decades afterward. Beginning in 2009, inductees have rotated based on the host country of the Series. The best MLB players todayconsistently show up during games, and the players on this list are no different. Compartir. Puerto Rico. The New York Yankees slugger known as "Joltin' Joe" is one of the greatest of all time. UW-Whitewater Athletic Director Ryan Callahan to join Janesville Sports Orlando, considered by many as one of the greatest baseball players of his time, was known as the Baby Bull, Cha-Cha, or Peruchin. Sign up to receive our daily Morning Lineup to stay in the know about the latest trending topics around Major League Baseball. Then there was Pedro Perucho Cepeda, the father of Orlando and the original Bull in the family. The right fielder for the Pittsburgh Pirates was one of baseball's all-time best players, accruing 3,000 career hits, leading the National League in batting four times, winning 12 consecutive Gold Gloves and one Most Valuable Player award, making the All-Star team in 12 of his 18 seasons, and . One of the most dominant players during the 1960s Orlando Cepeda, broke out at the major league level as a rookie in 1958. A look at the top Puerto Rican players in MLB history -- and more -- to make to the big stage (stats as of July 23, 2013, for active players). Sandy Alomar, Jr. former baseball player. Making Inferences in an Article about Roberto Clemente Roberto Clemente's greatness was not just limited to the baseball diamond. Carlos Delgado Toronto Blue Jays, Florida Marlins & New York Mets, 6. Joining Clemente on the list includes the Alomar brothers Sandy Alomar and Roberto Alomar, future Hall of Famer Yadier Molina, current All-star Francisco Lindor, and Hall of Fame catcher Ivan Rodriguez. [2] The original proposal included Puerto Rico's exclusion of the draft for a period of ten years, but this was not approved by the league. Sports in Puerto Rico - Wikipedia Though Clemente's death in a plane crash on New Year's Eve 1972, while en route to deliver aid to earthquake victims in Nicaragua, was one of baseball's most tragic moments, his legacy will live forever. In 1945, Olmo emerged as a formidable part of the Dodgers starting lineup with his all-around game. "A lot of youngsters don . Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame | Caribbean Baseball Hall of Fame | College Baseball Hall of Fame | Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame | Latino Baseball Hall of Fame | National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum | Puerto Rican Baseball Hall of Fame | Saln de la Fama (Mexico) | Saln de la Fama (Venezuela), Asia Other outstanding Puerto Rican athletes include baseballers Carlos Beltrn, Roberto Alomar, and Yadier Molina; boxers Miguel Cotto and Felix "Tito" Trinidad; golfer Juan "Chi-Chi" Rodrguez; basketball players Jos Juan Barea and Carlos Arroyo; tennis player Mnica Puig; hurdler Javier Culson; and many others. Roberto Alomar, smooth as silk, a two-time World Series champion second baseman. The Bat Nerds is a blog run by a group of friends. Beltran would finish his career with a .279 batting average along with 435 home runs, 1,587 runs batted in, and 2,725 hits. The crowd in front of Clemente's plaque stood out even during the museum's busiest weekend of the year with six players in the 2019 induction class, including a Puerto Rican, a Panamanian and four other greats who played in baseball hot spots such as New York, Baltimore, Chicago, St. Louis. Puerto Rican baseball player inducted into Hall of Fame in 1973 First Latino in hall of fame 1966 MVP Loved to help people Sessilee Lopez Dominican and Portuguese Model Appered on "All black" addition of Vogue Mother is an Author Carmelo Anthony Puerto Rican Basketball player New York Knicks Entered League with LeBron Piri Thomas Subsequently, Afro-Puerto Rican players such as Orlando Cepeda and Victor Pellot Power began having solid performances in the league, and were selected to participate in the Major League Baseball All-Star Game. The Pirates legend collected exactly 3,000 hits in his MLB career -- making him the only Puerto Rican-born member of the 3,000-hit club -- spending all of his 18 seasons in Pittsburgh. Since then, eight more international players of Major League Baseball have been. Bithorn may have been the right Puerto Rican at the right time, but like other black and Latino pioneers, he was obliged to be better than average. The flow of talent ebbed and flowed over the following decades, but Puerto Ricos best players were almost always among the best major leaguers. Pudge is the best all-around catcher in modern baseball history, and the Manat native stands alongside legends of the game like Johnny Bench and Yogi Berra when it comes to the all-time greats. Sandy Alomar Jr San Diego Padres, Cleveland Indians, Chicago White Sox, Colorado Rockies, Texas Rangers, Los Angeles Dodgers & New York Mets, 13. Do you have a blog? Our reasoning for presenting offensive logos. British Baseball Hall of Fame | Czech Baseball Hall of Fame | Dutch Baseball Hall of Fame | Finnish Baseball Hall of Fame | German Baseball Hall of Fame | Italian Baseball Hall of Fame | Saln de la Fama (Spain), Minor Leagues Roberto Clementes destiny was shaped as a youngster in Puerto Rico, https://www.tiktok.com/@baseballhall?lang=en. https://www.tiktok.com/@baseballhall?lang=en. Yet for a tiny island of 3.5 million people, Puerto Rico punches well over its fighting weight. Baseball beyond Borders : From Distant Lands to the Major Leagues He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2011. That's why he won 10 consecutive Gold Gloves at catcher from 1992-2001, before going on to win three more in four years from 2004-07. Three giants, bronzed in the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, elegant players all part of a select group in Cooperstown. Clemente was born in Carolina, Puerto Rico, and was signed by the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1954. Clemente would make 15 All-Star teams, win the 1966 NL MVP Award, the 1971 World Series MVP award, and two World Series Championships. Contents 11991 21992 31993 41993 5Sources 1991[edit] Luis Mrquez Pancho Coimbre 2026: There are no obvious first-ballot choices here either, but Edwin Encarnacin (Dominican Republic) and his 424 career home runs have the best shot. Behind Cuba, the other foreign country with the most players inducted to Cooperstown is Puerto Rico with five (Roberto Clemente, Orlando Cepeda, Roberto Alomar, Ivn Rodrguez and Edgar Martnez), followed by the Dominican Republic with three (Juan Marichal, Pedro Martnez and Vladimir Guerrero), Panama with two (Rod Carew and Mariano Rivera) and The more I think about it, Clemente told Nover during their lengthy interview, Im convinced that God wanted me to play baseball.. Four years later, at 21, Lindor made his Major League debut en route to a .313 batting average, 12 home runs, and 51 runs batted in. He was so admired that he was considered the Puerto Rican Babe Ruth and was even called Babe Cobb for his fierce hustle. Over the next 17 MLB seasons, Cepeda would rack up 1,131 career runs, 417 doubles, 379 home runs, and 1,365 runs batted in. In addition, Gonzalez racked up 1,936 hits along with 388 doubles, 434 home runs, and 1,404 runs batted in. While playing with his first professional team, the Santurce Cangrejeros, Roberto Clemente (right) was teammates with Jim Gilliam (left), who would later play for the Dodgers for 14 seasons. Juan Gonzalez Texas Rangers, Detroit Tigers, Cleveland Indians & Kansas City Royals, 7. Discover one-of-a-kind artifacts and get lost in sweeping exhibitions that explore pivotal moments in the game and its impact far beyond the field. Over the next 37 election cycles, only five more Latinos who had played in the AL or NL made it into the Hall: Juan Marichal (Dominican Republic, 1983), Luis Aparicio (Venezuela, 1984), Rod Carew (Panama, 1991), Orlando Cepeda (Puerto Rico, 1999) and Tony Perez (Cuba, 2000). Javier Baez Chicago Cubs, New York Mets & Detroit Tigers, 14. March 21, 2023In "Baseball Listicles, Blog", Your email address will not be published. No Puerto Rican player has more RBIs than Beltrn's 1,587 or runs scored than Beltrn's 1,582. Yadier Molina, Francisco Lindor, Carlos Correa, Javier Baez and Kik Hernndez are among the current Puerto Rican players carrying on the island's proud tradition as examples for the next generation. Baseball Reliquary | Kinston Professional Baseball Hall of Fame | National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame, Every Sports Reference Social Media Account. Foremost among them was Emilio Millito Navarro, a patriarch of the game on the island. How many Puerto Rican baseball players are in the MLB? . Getty Images / Bettmann. Gerardo Rodrguez- Played as pitcher in the minor leagues, yet no evidence of any appearance with the 1944 New York Cubans other than a book called, This page was last edited on 7 April 2023, at 18:07. FEATURED PLAYER: Yadier Molina was born into a baseball family in Bayamon, Puerto Rico. During this time period, the Puerto Rico national teams experienced success on international competition and Afro-Puerto Rican players began to participate in the Negro leagues.[4]. Orlando grew up watching his dad Pedro "Perucho" Cepeda a power hitting shortstop considered by many as the Puerto Rican . Pedro Ramrez- Not too much information about this pitcher, only that he played for the 1934 Cubans Stars East as an independent team. Here is a look at the 15 best baseball players from Puerto Rico. We are devoted to the game. Do you have a sports website? In the Fall Classic, Clemente hit .310 to help the Pirates defeat the Yankees in seven games. My mother used to get up at one oclock in the morning. The Dodgers signed him the following year, and by 1954 he was playing for their Triple-A team in Montreal. Orlando Manuel Cepeda Pennes was born in Ponce, Puerto Rico on September 17,1937. We would play all day and I wouldnt care if we missed lunch. Rodrguez only spent one season in Florida, but he made it count, leading the Marlins to the 2003 World Series championship upset over the Yankees. Robertos parents also made sure that their children dutifully attended school. He could do it all -- field, hit and run. Joining his brother Sandy Alomar on the list is the MLB Hall of Fame member Roberto Alomar. Navarro, who lived to the ripe old age of 105 before passing away in 2011, was blessed to see all who followed in his footsteps. Copyright 2000-2023 Sports Reference LLC. Sign up to receive our daily Morning Lineup to stay in the know about the latest trending topics around Major League Baseball. Because he died at a young age and had such a historic career, the Hall of Fame changed . On Dec. 31, 1972, Clemente boarded a small plane en route from Puerto Rico to Nicaragua to assist with earthquake relief. Keep up with headlines and events at the Baseball Hall of Fame, and see who will be taking their place in history next. [12] During the series there was an average attendance of 14,222.[13]. [7] Both Ivn Rodrguez and Roberto Alomar hold the record for most Gold Glove Awards in their positions. Will he be joined by his longtime Cardinals teammate Yadier Molina in that class? Therefore, he is not classified as a major league player. We are a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites. Early Puerto Rican stars remain largely unknown outside the Caribbean. I LOVE NEW YORK is a registered trademark and service mark of the New York State Department of Economic Development; used with permission. And it may not produce as many superstars as the Dominican Republic and Venezuela, two countries that together could fill the rosters of seven major league teams right now. Puerto Rico has given Major League Baseball some of the best players in the game today -- from potential future Hall of Fame catcher Yadier Molina to superstar shortstops Javier "El Mago" Bez, Francisco Lindor and Carlos Correa. Ivan Rodriguez Texas Rangers,Florida Marlins, Detroit Tigers, New York Yankees, Houston Astros and Washington Nationals, first Latin-American player inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. In his 20 seasons in the Majors, Beltrn starred for the Royals, Astros and Mets in the first half of his career and played key roles as a veteran for the Giants, Cardinals, Yankees and Astros again in his late-career return to Houston. Over 2,055 career games, Martinez was a .312 hitter with 309 home runs and 514 doubles while driving in 1,261 runs. Caribbean Baseball Hall of Fame - Wikipedia And then his life was cut short while training to become a major league umpire, says Lpez Vlez, Bithorn was shot to death by a policeman during a trip to Mexico in 1951. Puerto Rico Traces Baseball's Slide to the Draft - New York Times Baseball legend Roberto Clemente's son talks about his dad's legacy Marin became a mentor to his young friend. (National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum), Those late afternoons and early evenings of playing ball convinced the young Clemente that he was destined to pursue baseball as his career. For years, it was considered that the first player from Puerto Rico to play in the major leagues was Hiram Bithorn. Hailing from Ponce, and the great Alomar baseball family, Robbie Alomar is one of the best second basemen ever. These include Javy Lpez, who holds the record for most home runs hit by a catcher in a single season. At first, Clemente played shortstop for Sello Rojo. There's a reason MLB celebrates Clemente's legacy every year with Roberto Clemente Day and the Clemente Award. All rights reserved. Miguel Cabrera (Venezuela): The 2023 season will be Miggy's last. Orlando Cepeda, in full Orlando Manuel Cepeda Pennes, bynames Baby Bull and Cha-Cha, (born September 17, 1937, Ponce, Puerto Rico), Puerto Rican professional baseball player who became one of the first new stars to emerge when major league baseball arrived on the U.S. West Coast in 1958. Top MLB Puerto Rican Baseball Players - LiveAbout Puerto Rico won the silver medal on both 2013 and 2017 classics. Francisco Lindor Cleveland Indians & New York Mets, 9. Pudge, who is also one of the five Puerto Ricans in the Baseball Hall of Fame, could also hit for average and hit for power. Now, my mother never went to a [theatrical] show. Alomar had two sons, Sandy Jr., a six-time All-Star catcher, and Roberto, the future Hall of Famer. Clemente, who spent his entire MB career with the Pirates, racked up 3,000 hits to go along with 440 doubles, 240 home runs, and 1,305 runs batted, is also the first Latin-American player inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. We use cookies to personalise content and ads, to provide social media features and to analyse our traffic. Roberto continued to play softball for the next several years. Thus, the first Puerto Rican to play baseball on the major leagues was Jose "Gacho" Torres. In addition to his performance, Alomar picked up the Al Rookie of the Year award in 1990 with a .290 batting average to go along with 26 doubles, nine home runs, and 66 runs batted in over 132 games. There are so many reasons why I love baseball - I played from a young age through college and it's my favorite sport to watch so I've always followed it very closely. His performance on the field led him to 11 All-Star teams, the 1967 NL MVP award, and one World Series Championship. Ironically, before Jackie Robinson broke the color line, Latinos bent it with their range of skin tones and their foreign status. And his last name sounded Anglo-Saxon. & N.L.C.S. Pellot changed the way they played first base, casting a wide net with his glove and winning seven consecutive Gold Gloves. Clemente soon joined a team called Juncos, one of the best teams in the prestigious Double-A amateur league. Alex Rodriguez, the son of Dominican parents, came in at 34.3 percent in his first year on the ballot. Here are the players who made the team: Follow every game: Latest MLB Scores and Schedules Catcher: Manny Sanguilln, 1967-80 First base: Rod Carew, 1967-85 (Hall of Fame) Second base: Rennie. List of Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico "The draft has had a large effect on the Puerto Rican baseball player," said Alomar, who was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, N.Y., in July. And before Jackie Robinson famously broke the color barrier, a small number of Latinos were bending it. Clemente stands alone. Data Provided By Cromartie was the left fielder and the oldest, born in September of 1953. Currently with the Detroit Tigers, Baez has racked up 161 career home runs, 184 doubles, 514 runs batted in, and 908 career hits. Andruw Jones (Curacao) has seen his voting percentages climb rapidly over the past two years, up to 41.4 percent in 2022. Puerto Rico: A Rich Sports History - SportsTravel Though his stats are also incomplete, John Holway, former chairman of SABRs Negro Leagues committee, calculated that Coimbre hit .377 in the Negro Leagues, the fifth-best average all-time. His performance during his playing career with the Blue Jays, which included 336 career home runs, landed him in the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame. [2] This was based on an initiative that was supposed to create a national and international drafting system. Selecting a player's name will bring up his statistics page and selecting a column title (Birthplace, Debut Year, Final Year) will allow you to re-sort the data. exhibit), Clemente had officially launched his professional career. For a young boy who dreamed of bigger things to come, these kinds of improvised baseball tools would serve him well enough. The first baseball player from Latin America to collect 3,000 hits, Hall of Famer Roberto Clemente won four batting crowns, 12 Gold Glove Awards and the 1966 National League Most Valuable Player . What Clemente, Cepeda, Alomar and Pudge share what all the players from Puerto Rico have in common is their dedication to the game, a commitment to excel and, above all, to win, Coln said. Resumen Puerto Rico vs. Mxico | 17/03/2023 | Lasmayores.com - MLB Read this excerpt from the article "Clemente's Impact Wanes in Puerto Rico 40 Years after His Death." The former long-time Toronto Blue Jays All-Star and power-hitting first baseman put together a stellar Major League Baseball career while finishing his career hitting the most home runs by a Puerto Rican baseball player. Even with their incomes spent largely on the basic necessities of life, with little left over for luxury items or entertainment, Clementes parents made life enjoyable for the family. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Born in the San Anton barrio of Carolina, a small town on the island, Clemente grew up in a family that was relatively poor, at least based on the economic standards of today. [5] In 1973, Roberto Clemente became the first player from Puerto Rico and first Latin American to be elected as a member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. Carmelo Anthony. Subscribe to Stathead Baseball: Get your first month FREEYour All-Access Ticket to the Baseball Reference Database. A trip to Cooperstown has something for baseball fans and everyone else. Williams spent his 16-year MLB career with the Yankees and was a five-time AL All-Star and a four-time World Series Champion. Contents 1 Inductees by year During this timeframe, several players have been selected to participate in the All-Star Game or won awards for their performance, while others imposed records within the league. He's a 10-time NBA All-Star, has four Olympic medals (three gold and one bronze), and . Keep up with headlines and events at the Baseball Hall of Fame, and see who will be taking their place in history next. Represent the all-time greats and know your purchase plays a part in preserving baseball history. Latin American Stars Who Could Soon Join Growing Group In Baseball Hall Posada was a five-time AL All-Star, making four straight All-Star teams from 2000 to 2003. Roberto Clemente recorded his 3,000th career hit in the final regular season game that he started for the Pittsburgh Pirates. A special bond soon developed between Marin and Clemente. Nelson Cruz (Dominican Republic): Cruz has overcome a late start to launch more than 450 homers through his age-41 season. Merced sprung from the sports city and, as so many others here, considers Clemente his hero. Ms De Este Juego. Baseball Australia Hall of Fame | Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame | Taiwan Baseball Hall of Fame, Europe And in 2017, he won his only World Series ring with Houston at age 40 in the final year of his playing career. Total Zone Rating and initial framework for Wins above Replacement calculations provided by Sean Smith. There are 111 inductees through 2023. Winning 12 straight Gold Gloves, Clemente was MVP of the National League in 1966 and won four total batting titles. ", "Se cumplen 110 aos del primer juego de bisbol en Puerto Rico", "White Sox acquire second baseman Roberto Alomar in exchange for cash and a player to be named later", "World Baseball Classic Teams: Puerto Rico", "Puerto Rico welcoming baseball with open arms", "12-time All-Star retires; has back, vision problems", "Jose De La Torre Statistics and History", "Lanzador Luis Mambo de Leon de Puerto Rico", "Enrique Hernandez Statistics and History", "Francisco Lindor Statistics and History", "Martin Maldonado Statistics and History", "Jose Miranda, Lin-Manuel's cousin, gets callup from Twins", "Yadiel Rivera Register Statistics & History", "Christian Vazquez Statistics and History", "A look at all of the Puerto Rican players who've played in MLB", "Major League Baseball Players Born in Puerto Rico / Played in 2017", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_players_from_Puerto_Rico&oldid=1148688365. He has no-doubt Hall of Fame numbers but also baggage caused by performance-enhancing drug use and suspensions. After his early death, he was posthumously inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1973, becoming both the first Caribbean and the first Latin-American player to be enshrined. Fellow ballot holdovers Manny Ramrez (Dominican Republic), Omar Vizquel (Venezuela) and Bobby Abreu (Venezuela) all came in below 30 percent last time around and have a long way to go. Since arriving at the Majors, Correa has made two AL All-Star teams, won the 2015 AL Rookie of the Year award, a Gold Glove, a Platinum Glove award, and a Fielding Bible award. Orlando Antigua Major League Baseball Players Born in Puerto Rico / Played in 2021 Our aim is to provide our expertise on everything you need to know when buying baseball & softball equipment. Look for Correa to continue to rise through the ranks over the next few seasons. The following baseball players were not considered for the official list of Puerto Ricans in Major Leagues: List of Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico, Other players related to Puerto Rico but not included in the list, Players mistaken as Puerto Ricans or major leaguers, National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, Major League Baseball Players Association, Puerto Rican Professional Baseball League, List of current Major League Baseball players by nationality, "Which Countries Produce the Most MLB Players? Players must be retired for five years before becoming eligible for the Hall, so anyone still active in 2023 would have to wait until at least 29 to reach Cooperstown. There Clemente played shortstop. It is, and always has been, an island of giants. The research below is a comprehensive historical analysis of every major league baseball player born in Puerto Rico.

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