Despite the firm opposition of the Queen Mother and the King, Anjou, Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, present at this meeting of the council, could see a good occasion to make a name for himself with the government. After St. Bartholomew's the Huguenots, though bereft of their leaders, rushed to arms. -The Huguenot faction was fatally wounded. "Holding a lit de justice, Charles declared that he had ordered the massacre in order to thwart a Huguenot plot against the royal family. [72] In fact there is little trace of Machiavelli in French writings before the massacre, and not very much after, until Gentillet's own book, but this concept was seized upon by many contemporaries, and played a crucial part in setting the long-lasting popular concept of Machiavellianism. PDF Prologue to a Massacre: Popular Unrest in Paris, 1557-1572 - JSTOR A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in Frances sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. Historian Jrmie Foa offers a very unique view of the 1572 massacres in his work entitled Tous ceux qui tombent: visages du massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy [All that fall: faces of the St. Bartholomew's day massacre]. The story was fictionalised by Prosper Mrime in his Chronique du rgne de Charles IX (1829), and by Alexandre Dumas, pre in La Reine Margot, an 1845 novel that fills in the history as it was then seen with romance and adventure. 127132, The range of estimates available in the mid-19th century, with other details, are summarized by the Huguenot statesman and historian, Lincoln, p. 97 (a "bare minimum of 2,000" in Paris), and, Howe, E. "Architecture in Vasari's 'Massacre of the Huguenots',". 2. One of the first victims was Coligny, who was killed under the supervision of Henry de Guise himself. 136, Alexander the Great and the Limits of Conquest 150, Hellenistic Architecture in the Near East (c. 175 C.E.) This article is about the historical event. Shortly after this decision, the municipal authorities of Paris were summoned. Copyright 2001-2023 OCLC. About twelve thousand Huguenots were killed between August 25 and October 3. 30. A particular point of tension was an open-air cross erected on the site of the house of Philippe de Gastines, a Huguenot who had been executed in 1569. It took all the queen mother's skill to convince the Cardinal de Bourbon (paternal uncle of the Protestant groom, but himself a Catholic clergyman) to marry the couple. Under the terms of the peace, and after considerable popular resistance, this had been removed in December 1571 (and re-erected in a cemetery), which had already led to about 50 deaths in riots, as well as mob destruction of property. [51], Pope Gregory XIII also commissioned the artist Giorgio Vasari to paint three frescos in the Sala Regia depicting the wounding of Coligny, his death, and Charles IX before Parliament, matching those commemorating the defeat of the Turks at the Battle of Lepanto (1571). The tasks of a permanent ambassador were to represent his government at state ceremonies, to gather information, and, occasionally, to enter negotiations. People World History Chapter 16 Flashcards | Quizlet Diefendorf, Barbara B.. The Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre : a brief [82][pageneeded]. All rights reserved. The attempt on Admiral Colignys life four days later failed; he was only wounded. The Catholic response to a Huguenot plot / Claude Haton (1572) -- 18. At this time, in an age before mass media, "the pulpit remained probably the most effective means of mass communication".[84]. 30. Aware of the danger of reprisals from the Protestants, the king and his court visited Coligny on his sickbed and promised him that the culprits would be punished. Report to the Venetian senate on the wounding of the admiral / Giovanni Michiel (1572) -- 17. Giovanni Michiel, from A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre [11], In the years preceding the massacre, Huguenot political rhetoric had for the first time taken a tone against not just the policies of a particular monarch of France, but monarchy in general. [83][pageneeded], Traditional histories have tended to focus more on the roles of the political notables whose machinations began the massacre than the mindset of those who actually did the killing. 14445, who rejects the view that this "met le feu au poudres" (lit the powder) in Bordeaux. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Modern historians are still divided over the responsibility of the royal family: The traditional interpretation makes Catherine de' Medici and her Catholic advisers the principal culprits in the execution of the principal military leaders. On August 20, he left the capital and retired to Chantilly. Please enable JavaScript on your browser. ), pp. The common people began to hunt Protestants throughout the city, including women and children. Thenceforth the Huguenots abandoned John Calvins principle of obedience to the civil magistratethat is, to the royal authorityand adopted the view that rebellion and tyrannicide were justifiable under certain circumstances. Amongst other things, Catherine reportedly feared that Coligny's influence would drag France into a war with Spain over the Netherlands. He stayed in Paris for three days and made eleven speeches. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre - Reactions To The Massacre The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre - Macmillan Learning 32. I am convinced that only forgiveness, offered and received, leads little by little to a fruitful dialogue, which will in turn ensure a fully Christian reconciliation. A. Ignatius of Loyola & the Society of Jesus 2023 OCLC Domestic and international trademarks and/or service marks of OCLC, Inc. and its affiliates. B. The journal begins with, Colignys saying that became the chief reason why Queen Mother Catherine de Medici, rushed to prepare a massacre plan for him and thousands of other French Protestants. B. Historian Barbara B. Diefendorf, Professor of History at Boston University, wrote that Simon Vigor had "said if the King ordered the Admiral (Coligny) killed, 'it would be wicked not to kill him'. Venetian ambassadors to England in the 15th Century were "perplexed by the English - especially by their extreme hostility to foreigners". [94], The historian H.G. 72- . With these words, the most popular preacher in Paris legitimised in advance the events of St. Bartholomew's Day". On the contrary, our common love for Christ impels us to seek tirelessly the path of full unity."[98]. Protestant Resistance Theory: The Wake-Up Call for the French and their Neighbors, 1574 . Catherine de Medici, the mother of Charles, feared Admiral Colignys growing influence over her son. Saint Bartholomew's Day - Encyclopedia Volume - Catholic Online [42] Other estimates are about 10,000 in total,[43] with about 3,000 in Paris[44] and 7,000 in the provinces. For the, Attempted assassination of Admiral de Coligny, Holt (2005), pp. [5] The royal marriage was arranged for 18 August 1572. Both the Pope and King Philip II of Spain strongly condemned Catherine's Huguenot policy as well. [89] Some blame the complete esteem with which the sovereign's office was held, justified by prominent French Roman Catholic theologians, and that the special powers of French Kings "were accompanied by explicit responsibilities, the foremost of which was combating heresy". The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572) [87], Historians cite the extreme tension and bitterness that led to the powder-keg atmosphere of Paris in August 1572. Body counts relating to other payments are computed from this. [90], Holt, notable for re-emphasising the importance of religious issues, as opposed to political/dynastic power struggles or socio-economic tensions, in explaining the French Wars of Religion, also re-emphasised the role of religion in the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre. By focusing on describing the political and religious context for the massacre at the, beginning, the author demonstrates the severity of the event. He received his B.A. Sample this version now as opposed to waiting for the physical edition. Internet History Sourcebooks: Modern History - Fordham University [50] The pope ordered a Te Deum to be sung as a special thanksgiving (a practice continued for many years after) and had a medal struck with the motto Ugonottorum strages 1572 (Latin: "Overthrow (or slaughter) of the Huguenots 1572") showing an angel bearing a cross and a sword before which are the felled Protestants. Ken Follett's 2017 historical fiction novel A Column of Fire uses this event. Turning to the queen, Admiral de Coligny said, "Madame, the king refuses to involve himself The Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, Aug. 24, 1572 As recorded by statesman and historian, De Thou (1553-1617), who was a witness to the events on St. Bartholomew Day as a youth. Estimates of the number that perished in the massacres have varied from 2,000 by a Roman Catholic apologist to 70,000 by the contemporary Huguenot Maximilien de Bthune, who himself barely escaped death. From The Religious Peace of Augsburg, Reform in the Catholic World "The massacre was interpreted as an act of divine retribution; Coligny was considered a threat to Christendom and thus Pope Gregory XIII designated 11 September 1572 as a joint commemoration of the Battle of Lepanto and the massacre of the Huguenots. [39] Accurate figures for casualties have never been compiled,[40] and even in writings by modern historians there is a considerable range, though the more specialised the historian, the lower they tend to be. Despite the large numbers of pamphlets and broadsheets in circulation, literacy rates were still poor. Coligny's brother-in-law led a 4,000-strong army camped just outside Paris[15] and, although there is no evidence it was planning to attack, Catholics in the city feared it might take revenge on the Guises or the city populace itself. [25] Recent research by Jrmie Foa, investigating the prosopography suggests that the massacres were carried by a group of militants who had already made out lists of Protestants deserving extermination, and the mass of the population, whether approving or disapproving, were not directly involved.[26]. [37] It has been claimed that the Huguenot community represented as much as 10% of the French population on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, declining to 78% by the end of the 16th century, and further after heavy persecution began once again during the reign of Louis XIV, culminating with the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.[38]. 2. Bloody Mary on the throne (1553-1558) While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Enabling JavaScript in your browser will allow you to experience all the features of our site. [59], The massacre "spawned a pullulating mass of polemical literature, bubbling with theories, prejudices and phobias". or for his suggestion that there was a direct connection between these ill-gotten gains and the massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day. Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598). Omissions? List of ambassadors of the United States to the Holy See Review and, 1.Which printmaking process is the most direct for translating the gestures of the hand? Paperback. While the Queen Mother was eating dinner, Protestants burst in to demand justice, some talking in menacing terms. Soon afterward both sides prepared for a fourth civil war, which began before the end of the year. 41, Treaty between Ramesses II of Egypt and Hattusilis III of Hatti 47, The Victory Stele of Merneptah (c. 1210 B.C.E.) motivations which lead to this savage action. The Vincentian ambassador in Washington, D. C. is the official representative of the Government in the Kingstown to the Government of the United States. That was interpreted by the Parisians as a sign of divine blessing and approval to these multiple murders,[22] and on the same day at night, a group led by Guise in person dragged Admiral Coligny from his bed, killed him, and threw his body out of a window. She accordingly gave her approval to a plot that the Roman Catholic house of Guise had been hatching to assassinate Coligny, whom it held responsible for the murder of Franois de Guise in 1563. The massacre caused a "major international crisis". Leonard Sachs appeared as Admiral Coligny and Joan Young played Catherine de' Medici. Instead of crippling the Huguenot party as Catherine had hoped it would do, the massacre revived hatred between Roman Catholics and Huguenots and helped provoke a renewal of hostilities. It depicts the massacre as having been instigated by Catherine de' Medici for both religious and political reasons, and authorised by a weak-willed and easily influenced Charles IX.[103]. The corpses floating down the Rhne from Lyon are said to have put the people of Arles off drinking the water for three months. Lesson 4 - A Venetian Ambassafor's Report on St. Bartholomew's Day The future Pope Gregory served as a legate to Philip II of Spain, being sent by Pope Pius V to investigate the Cardinal of Toledo. Uh-oh, it looks like your Internet Explorer is out of date. According to 10 United States Code 2784, which two of the following could result from a Governmentwide Commercial Purchase Card Program violation? The failed assassination of Admiral de Coligny on 22 August 1572. On hearing of the slaughter, Philip II of Spain supposedly "laughed, for almost the only time on record". Catherine had not obtained Pope Gregory XIII's permission to celebrate this irregular marriage; consequently, the French prelates hesitated over which attitude to adopt. However, when Charles IX and his mother learned of the involvement of the duke of Anjou, and being so dependent on his support, they issued a second royal declaration, which while asking for an end to the massacres, credited the initiative with the desire of Charles IX to prevent a Protestant plot. Modern estimates for the number of dead across France vary widely, from 5,000 to 30,000. The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre ( French: Massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy) in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion. [62], Diplomatic correspondence was readier than published polemics to recognise the unplanned and chaotic nature of the events,[63] which also emerged from several accounts in memoirs published over the following years by witnesses to the events at court, including the famous Memoirs of Margaret of Valois, the only eye-witness account of the massacre from a member of the royal family. The massacre in Paris lasted three days despite the king's attempts to stop it. All the best people took a hand in it, the King and the Queen Mother included."[102]. His only surviving work is the best known depiction of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. [93] At least one Huguenot was able to buy off his would-be murderers. That evening, Catherine held a meeting at the Tuileries Palace with her Italian advisers, including Albert de Gondi, Comte de Retz. Impact California Social Studies World History, Culture, and Geography The Modern World The Peace of Augsburg (1555) The Catholic Reformation A. Ignatius of Loyola & the Society of Jesus B. However, in a more recent work than his history of the period, Holt concludes: "The ringleaders of the conspiracy appear to have been a group of four men: Henry, duke of Anjou; Chancellor Birague; the duke of Nevers, and the comte de Retz" (Gondi). 9395 for a different emphasis. In part this was led by an apparent change in stance by John Calvin in his Readings on the Prophet Daniel, a book of 1561, in which he had argued that when kings disobey God, they "automatically abdicate their worldly power" a change from his views in earlier works that even ungodly kings should be obeyed. On August 26, the king and court established the official version of events by going to the Paris Parlement. King Charles IX of France was Catherine's second son to sit on the . Forging memory: the aftermath of the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre [48], Among the slain were the philosopher Petrus Ramus, and in Lyon the composer Claude Goudimel. Arques; Ivry; Paris; Chteau-Laudran; Rouen; Caudebec; Craon; 1st Luxemburg; Blaye; Morlaix; Fort Crozon, Franco-Spanish War (159598) We are happy to offer free Achieve access in addition to the physical sample you have selected. The Parisian St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre resulted from this conjunction of interests, and this offers a much better explanation as to why the men of the Duke of Anjou acted in the name of the Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, consistent with the thinking of the time, rather than in the name of the King. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre: Causes, Events, Impact - ThoughtCo Franois, Duke of Montmorency and governor of Paris, was unable to control the disturbances in the city. Mons; Sommires; Sancerre; La Rochelle, War of the Three Henrys (158589) Coutras; Vimory; Day of the Barricades, Succession of Henry IV of France (158994) Inchbald kept the historical setting, but The Massacre, completed by February 1792, also reflected events in the recent French Revolution, though not the September Massacres of 1792, which coincided with its printing. They were ordered to shut the city gates and arm the citizenry to prevent any attempt at a Protestant uprising. The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . Protestant countries were horrified at the events, and only the concentrated efforts of Catherine's ambassadors, including a special mission by Gondi, prevented the collapse of her policy of remaining on good terms with them. Cavalli, the Venetian Ambassador, maintained in his report that the king held out for an hour and a half, finally yielding because of Catherine's threat to leave France and the fear that his brother, the Duke of Anjou, might be named captain-general of the Catholics. To placate the angry Huguenots, the government agreed to investigate the assassination attempt. Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) List of ambassadors of the United States to Saint Vincent and the [69] The most extreme of these writers was Camilo Capilupi, a papal secretary, whose work insisted that the whole series of events since 1570 had been a masterly plan conceived by Charles IX, and carried through by frequently misleading his mother and ministers as to his true intentions. Protestant Resistance Theory: The Wake-Up Call for the French and their Neighbors, 1574 . Brad Pennington Western Civ Chapter 14: Giovanni Michiel from A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Earlier Huguenot rage at Nimes (in 1567) led to the massacre of twenty-four Catholics, mostly priests and prominent laymen, at the hands of their Protestant neighbours. ("Emond" or "Edmond"). 89102, quotation from p. 102, Burdett, Sarah, Sarah Burdett, "'Feminine Virtues Violated Motherhood, Female Militancy and . The featured documents offer a rich array of sources on the conflict including royal edicts, popular songs, polemics, eyewitness accounts, memoirs, paintings, and engravings to enable students to explore the massacre, the nature of church-state relations, the moral responsibility of secular and religious authorities, and the origins and consequences of religious persecution and intolerance in this period. [57] Protestant countries were horrified at the events, and only the concentrated efforts of Catherine's ambassadors, including a special mission by Gondi, prevented the collapse of her policy of remaining on good terms with them. [27] According to some interpretations, the survival of these Huguenots was a key point in Catherine's overall scheme, to prevent the House of Guise from becoming too powerful. This change was soon picked up by Huguenot writers, who began to expand on Calvin and promote the idea of the sovereignty of the people, ideas to which Catholic writers and preachers responded fiercely. Jarnac; La Roche-l'Abeille; Poitiers; Orthez; Moncontour; Saint-Jean d'Angly; Arney-le-Duc, Fourth; 157273 This was much more than a war against the policies of the crown, as in the first three civil wars; it was a campaign against the very existence of the Gallican monarchy itself". [86] This view is also partly supported by Cunningham and Grell (2000) who explained that "militant sermons by priests such as Simon Vigor served to raise the religious and eschatological temperature on the eve of the Massacre". In the third episode of the BBC miniseries Elizabeth R (1971), starring Glenda Jackson as Queen Elizabeth I of England, the English court's reaction to the massacre and its effect on England's relations with France is addressed in depth. The Elizabethan dramatist Christopher Marlowe knew the story well from the Huguenot literature translated into English, and probably from French refugees who had sought refuge in his native Canterbury. [92], Some, like Leonie Frieda, emphasise the element within the mob violence of the "haves" being "killed by the 'have-nots'". A rich, relevant collection of primary sources at an exceptional value Perspectives from the Past: Primary Sources in Western Civilizations features a diverse range of primary sources, offering a total of 251 classic and contemporary documents of varying length, as well as images. C. Renewed power for the Roman Inquisition PDF The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre - REFORMATION Roberts, Yvonne. Term This peace, however, was precarious since the more intransigent Catholics refused to accept it. Other theories about who was ultimately responsible for the attack centre on three candidates: The attempted assassination of Coligny triggered the crisis that led to the massacre. Few towns escaped the episodic violence and some suffered repeatedly from both sides. [24][pageneeded] The tension that had been building since the Peace of St. Germain now exploded in a wave of popular violence. Charles was persuaded to approve of the scheme, and, on the night of August 23, members of the Paris municipality were called to the Louvre and given their orders. Report by the merchants' provost (Aug. 23, 1572) -- 19. Protestant Resistance Theory: The Wake-Up Call for the French and their Neighbors, 1574 . [13] Thus, the massacre "marked the beginning of a new form of French Protestantism: one that was openly at war with the crown. II. [9] In the massacres of August, the relatives of the Gastines family were among the first to be killed by the mob. Franois Dubois - Wikipedia CHP. 14 - WC 102.docx - Giovanni Michiel - St. Bartholomew's Day August 24 - Saint Bartholomew's Day: the real story [60] Many Catholic authors were exultant in their praise of the king for his bold and decisive action (after regretfully abandoning a policy of meeting Huguenot demands as far as he could) against the supposed Huguenot coup, whose details were now fleshed out in officially sponsored works, though the larger mob massacres were somewhat deprecated: "[one] must excuse the people's fury moved by a laudable zeal which is difficult to restrain once it has been stirred up". Gaspard de Coligny a Huguenot leader, was the trigger that made the events of St. Bartholomews Day Massacre in 1572. Richard Verstegan, Horrible Cruelties of the Huguenots in France, 1587 . 3. 1. Incidental characters include Henri of Navarre, Marguerite de Valois (Constance Talmadge), Admiral Coligny (Joseph Henabery), and the Duke of Anjou, who is portrayed as homosexual. On the evening of 23 August, Catherine went to see the king to discuss the crisis. ", This page was last edited on 23 April 2023, at 14:41. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Huguenots - New Advent The Council of Trent (meets 1545-1563) C. Renewed power for the Roman Inquisition 8891 (quotation from p. 91), Foa, Jrmie, "Tous ceux qui tombent. The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre was a wave of mob violence directed against the French Protestant (Huguenot) minority by the Catholic majority. [14], Tensions were further raised when in May 1572 the news reached Paris that a French Huguenot army under Louis of Nassau had crossed from France to the Netherlandish province of Hainaut and captured the Catholic strongholds of Mons and Valenciennes (now in Belgium and France, respectively).
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a venetian ambassadors report on the st bartholomew's day massacre