Lee, S. J. (1958) The Tonemes of Xhosa. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 8, No. (2017) and Sands & Gunnink (forthcoming), both in terms of the number of contrastive click consonants, and in terms of the percentage of lexical items which contain clicks. Jessen, M. Cole, J. S. Vol. L. (2002) Bantu Cologne Reconstructions 3. Theory and Description in African Linguistics: Selected Papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Chewa N31b and Tumbuka N21, for instance, do not have focus prosody (Downing 2016). Hubbard, K. By Malcolm. . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (1985) Le kesukuma (langue bantoue de Tanzanie): phonologie, morphologie. & Phonetica Nchimbi, A. S. A. Mande A46, Nen A44 and Gunu A622 all have an eight-vowel system with [-ATR] / a / and [+ATR] /i o u/. , eBook ISBN: 9781315755946 Adobe Fisch, M. In the Ngwato S31c variety of Tswana S31, ejectives are weak and are sometimes lenited, with loss of ejection: /t k/ ~ [t kx] (Gouskova et al. Paulian, C. M. , / all represent a voiced nasal (post)alveolar click. Figure 3.7 & It is found in Malawi, where, since 1968, it has served as the national language; in Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. , , M.-L. Although lip positions have not been reported for Tshwa S51, the acoustic findings are similar to those in Tsonga S53 in that the whistling fricatives have narrower spectral peak bandwidths and lower spectral peak frequencies when compared to their non-whistled fricative counterparts (Shosted 2006). (2014) Etude comparative des langues makaa-njem (bantu A80) : phonologie, morphologie, Lexique. (2017) Prehistoric Bantu-Khoisan Language Contact: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach. (1999b) Tone Association and F0 Timing in Chichewa. R. K. Phonetica Berkeley: University of California Press. INTRODUCTION: Phonetics and Phonology in Bantu Demolin, D. The Classification of African Languages (forthcoming) Studying Clicks Using Real-Time MRI. (2007) Guttural Vowels and Guttural Coarticulation. Stanford: Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University. Van de Velde and . Chichewa (Bantu) - The Handbook of Morphology - Wiley Online Library (1971) An Outline Structure of Southern Sotho. Miller et al. Kalanga S16 vowel formant means according to measurements by done the first author. Monaka In these cases there is a substantial fall in F0 from the onset to the middle of the nasal, and pitch begins to rise before the consonant is released; the pitch peak on the vowel is 40Hz (left panel) or 50Hz (right panel) higher than the lowest pitch in the nasal. & (2002) describe it as an unreleased voiced palatal implosive [] before a voiceless stop or affricate, e.g., in [paka] moth. MRI scans indicate that this segment is appropriately viewed as a hyperarticulation of the vowel /i/. This coding system has become the standard for identifying Bantu languages; it was the only practical way to distinguish many ambiguously named languages before the introduction of ISO 639-3 coding, and it continues to be widely used. 23: 120. Ngonga-Ke-Mbembe & Bokamba, E. G. We are using cookies to provide statistics that help us give you the best experience of our site. Paper presented at Second World Congress of African Linguistics, Leipzig. South African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies Volume 1: The Comparative Linguistics of the Bantu Languages. Austin: University of Texas, PhD dissertation. T. You can find out more in our Privacy Policy. The term argument is defined by Trask (1993:20) as "a noun phrase . In this language, the vowels are to a large degree placed where they might be expected, given a respect for dispersion principles. (2015) Illustrations of the IPA: Bemba. Figure 3.1 For example, the word meaning armpit, transcribed by Mathangwane as [apka], could receive three pronunciations [hakwa] with no labial closure, [hapxa] with a labial stop followed by a fairly long velar fricative, or [hapka] with a sequence of stops with clearly separate releases, as illustrated in Nyamwezi F22 vowel formant means according to measurements by the first author. , (2015) Cumulative Effects in Xitsonga: High-Tone Spreading and Depressor Consonants. T. J. Doke, C. M. Sock, R. Similar segments are very rare in the worlds languages, but do occur in the Dagestanian language Tabasaran (Kodzasov & Muravjeva 1982). Spectrogram of Rwanda JD61 imwa [im (1998) Thimbukushu Grammar. The word papyrus may also be articulated with a velar stop in place of the click [rukoma], as seen in Bantu language family into 15 zones which he numbered alphabetically from A in the north-west to S in the south-east, omitting the letters I, J, O and Q in his . The ATR/RTR contrast in Nande JD42 is also suggested by the harmonic behaviour and acoustic characteristics of vowels. Philippson Journal of African Languages and Linguistics Proceedings of the North Eastern Linguistic Society Moshi In the South-East, the core is formed by the languages of the Nguni group (S40), especially Xhosa S41, Zulu S42, Phuthi S404 and Zimbabwean Ndebele S44, which have between 12 and 15 click consonants; Swati S43 has fewer clicks (Doke 1954, Pakendorf et al. P. (1971) Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu languages. Pongweni, A. J. C. Phonetic timing patterns and tone and stress interactions in Bantu languages provide a wealth of patterns to test phonological theories. (1981) A Handbook of the Venda Language. African Studies The Bitam variety of Fang A75 has eight vowels and seven peripheral vowels, plus mid central // (Medjo Mv 1997). Figure 3.2 (2011) Corrected High Frame Rate Anchored Ultrasound with Software Alignment. Olson, K. S. Seifert (forthcoming) Click Loss and Click Insertion in Fwe. Figure 3.21 In B. & (2016) Tone and Vowel Length in Fwe (Bantu, K402). & At vowel onset, the F0 difference between High and Low tones after a set of non-depressor consonants is 22 Hz, but a High tone onset after depressor consonants is 44 Hz lower than after the non-depressors and a Low after depressors is 23 Hz lower than after non-depressors. Ultrasound images of Nande JD42 vowels a) ATR /e/ b) RTR /e/, taken along the mid-sagittal plane. (1996) Final Lowering in Kipare. Written by an international team of experts, this comprehensive volume presents grammatical analyses of individual Bantu languages, comparative studies of their main phonetic, phonological and grammatical characteristics and overview chapters on their history and classification. In languages which have lost the contrast, each TBU is both a syllable and a mora (and pre-consonantal nasals are typically non-syllabic). Figure 3.10 Phonetica Bemba M42 short vowels /i e a o u/ tend to be lax compared to their long vowel counterparts /i e a o u/ (Hamann & Kula 2015): short high and mid vowels tend to be lower and more centralised than long ones, while /a/ is higher than /a/. Stevick, E. W. B. Clem Their findings show that participants perform better in syllable awareness tasks than in segment awareness. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. L. (1981) A Handbook of the Venda Language. (1931a) A Comparative Study of Shona Phonetics. Ladefoged, P. (1990) Studies in Shona Phonetics: An Analytical Review. The phonetic shapes of tone sequences can usually be modeled on the basis of the position and height of local H targets, with the Low tones treated as automatically filled valleys between these points. Afido, P. , R. (1970b) Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu languages. . (2005) Phonetic Analysis of Afrikaans, English, Xhosa and Zulu Using South African Speech Databases. Compare the spacing of Xhosa vowels with those of Kalanga S16, shown in In the rest of this section, three of the particular issues of phonetic interest are discussed: the dental/alveolar place contrast, the possible occurrence of articulatorily complex consonants, and the nature of the so-called whistling fricatives. Longer sections of the chapter will be devoted to aspects of laryngeal action in consonants, to the description of clicks and their distribution in Bantu, and to some of the interesting aspects of nasality which occur in these languages. African Studies , Tonga M64 has long vowels but does not show any compensatory lengthening before NC. , The Classification of the Bantu Languages. The book is divided into four sections: I) Introduction, II) Identifying the Bantu Languages, III) Methods of Classification and IV) The Bantu languages Classified. Sands, B. , van Schaik. Figure 3.14 1992). Gieseke, S. Yoder Carleton (1996) demonstrated that units of paragraph length are organised by long-range patterns of tonal declination and resetting. . are higher compared to Vowel harmony in Africa often involves the independent use of pharyngeal cavity size, that is, adjustments of pharynx volume which cannot be accounted for as a function of the height and frontness of the tongue body (see Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 for discussion). Redford, M. A. 33(4): 427446. (eds. & In Mbukushu K333, the one series of clicks is reported to be pronounced either as dental, palatal or [post-]alveolar sounds (Fisch 1998). 25(4): 243257. Gick, B. Pitch contours illustrating effects of non-depressor and depressor /h/ in Swati S43 (male speaker). Though most Bantu languages are reported as having voiced and voiceless series of plosives, three-way contrasts in plosives based on Voice Onset Time (VOT) do occur. Language Documentation and Conservation Clicks have also been reported to occur in Chopi S61 (Bailey 1995) and in the Mzimba variety of Tumbuka N21 (Moyo 1995). Shah Language Sciences Voiced stops tend to be made with a downward movement of the larynx, presumably to help sustain voicing (Monaka 2001). Duke, D. These data suggest that transcription of this vowel set as [i e a o u], as in Chichewa is a Bantu language spoken principally in the area of Africa lying in the Great Rift Valley. There is often only one contrastive liquid, i.e., /l/, // or /r/, though Chaga E60 is among those with more (Davey et al. The click in the second syllable has a dorsal release that is closer in time to the release of the anterior click closure. Two examples from Giryama E72a are illustrated in Journal of the International Phonetic Association 17: 331. M. In Bemba M42, however, new information focus is indicated on a subject by its placement in post-verbal position and by pitch raising of the pre-focus constituent (Kula & Hamann 2016). Fwe has four accompaniments including a voiceless nasal accompaniment (Gunnink forthcoming) not known to occur in any other Bantu language. & Areas in black on the map represent the geographical distribution of languages with large click inventories, and areas in grey represent smaller click inventories. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 2016). 2011, Boyer & Zsiga 2013). Chen, Y. For example, in Chewa N31b, as is common cross-linguistically, the High pitch peak is realised at the end of the syllable to which it is associated (Kim 1998, Myers 1999a). A particularly interesting claim is made by Mathangwane (1999) concerning her pronunciation of parallel forms in Kalanga S16. It is possible that phonetic studies of other South-West Bantu click languages will reveal additional click accompaniments. The arrow in the spectrogram points to a convergence of F2 and F3 characteristic of velars. The possible variations are thus very numerous, and many different categories of individual clicks are found when all the languages which use them are considered (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996). ), Oxford Handbook of Information Structure, 790813. (2011) Bantu Tone. Kerremans, R. & 13: 3972. Note particularly the slope of a line connecting the back vowels which points roughly to the position of the central vowel /a/, similar to that seen in In (2011) Linguistic Geography or Evidence for Genetic Affiliation? 20(2): 3336. Impressionistically, there appear to be no differences in vowel quality between pairs that differ in length in the two languages. Toda Figure 3.19 An acoustic artefact of recording in the cylindrical metallic MRI scanner bore is a series of echoes spaced at 53 ms intervals. They form the largest branch of the Southern Bantoid languages.. (2012) Introducing Kwasio Pharyngealized Vowels. & F. . van der Merwe Sands, B. The tongue surface appears as a curved white line. In The mean formant values for Xhosa S41 vowels given by Roux and Holtzhausen (1989) are plotted in this way in the most detailed study of click production in a Bantu language to date. Letele, G. L. Sands Guthrie, M. Maddieson Biesele Edition 1st Edition. & Figure 3.21 Berkeley: University of California Press. Online publication date: January 2019. In Fwe K402, they were borrowed from Khoe and Ju languages (Bostoen & Sands 2012, Gunnink et al. E. D. (2014) Chain Shifts, Strident Vowels, and Expanded Vowel Spaces. Published for the International African Institute by the Oxford University Press, 1948. (ed. (2001) The two vs of Giryama. Soga JE16 follows this pattern, as shown in the palatograms in The Structure of a Bantu Language with Special Reference to Swahili, or Form and Function through Bantu Eyes Author(s): E. O. Ashton Source: Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, Vol. Pretoria: J.L. Paris: Socit des Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France avec le concours du Groupe dEtudes et de Recherches en Linguistique Applique, Universit Nationale du Rwanda. Figure 3.19 Western Bantu tradition and use the results to reflect on the nature and the characteristics of the phenomenon one calls tradition. PDF Gender, Number and Person in Bantu Languages Khumalo Heins London; New York: Routledge. Journal of the International Phonetic Association Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. 2010), and in Tswana S31 only for some speakers (Coetzee & Pretorius 2010). The examples cited during this study are taken from the selected languages shown in the following list. Faytak (2014) reconstructs back vowels *u, *, *o for the Central Ring group of Grassfields Bantu languages. Hyman & 33(3): 273290. In Manyo K332, clicks are mostly dental, however, with a broad individual variation (Mhlig 1997). Since a rounded lip posture can also be seen in non-whistled fricatives, such as in the sequence [usu], the labial constriction alone cannot account for the whistle-like concentration of the frication noise, but it must be due to a particular linguopalatal configuration that is yet undescribed. J. C. A. Lanham, L. W. The patterning of tones in many Bantu languages resembles that of pitch-accent systems. E. (2002) The Use of Ultrasound for Linguistic Phonetic Fieldwork. Pretoria: University of Pretoria, PhD dissertation. Table 3.2 London; New York: Routledge. A. This gesture may become associated with any class of consonants and thus is capable of becoming itself an independent phonological entity deployed for grammatical effect as in the depression without depressors described by Traill (1990). In (2016) Aspects of the Intonational Phonology of Bs. Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association (Interspeech 2009), 22792282. , & Studies in African Linguistics I. Borland, C. H. Makuya Manuel, S. Y. McCormack, P. Recordings made by the first author of two other female speakers of Kalanga S16, one from Francistown in Botswana and one from Zimbabwe, did not replicate the pattern suggested by Mathangwane. & Hyman, L. M. Myers, S. Figure 3.27 (eds. D. 2024, Kyoto. Pretoria: University of South Africa, UNISA Press. P. ), Bantu Historical Linguistics: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives, 235295. The whistled fricative has more peaked and compact spectra than its non-whistled counterpart, and the fricatives also differ in other acoustic measures. A wide range of means of marking question prosody have been noted for Bantu languages. Blench, R. Figure 3.30 in the word /ko/ avarice has a higher F2 (above 1000 Hz), and the higher formants are much more prominent than those of /o/. Mhlig, W. J. G. These people spoke Western Bantu languages and shared a An interesting process of intensification of secondary articulations into obstruents occurs, inter alia, in Rwanda JD61 (Jouannet 1983) and Shona S10 (Doke 1931a). Arvaniti Lindblom 2003), including several contrasts which are not found in other Bantu languages. The equalisation of internal and external pressure at release occurs much more quickly in post-alveolar clicks than for dental and lateral clicks. T. Nayak Downstep due to a floating Low tone is attested in Basaa A43a (Makasso et al. Nande . B. Figure 3.3 Ladefoged & P. (1996) Dictionrio Changana-Portugus. Figure 3.17 PDF World Geography - Unit 3 - Cultural Geography Click consonants do not occur Herero R31, Umbundu R11, Totela K41 or Lozi K21, nor are they found in languages of the Wambo R20 cluster, such as Kwanyama R21, Mbalanhu R214 and Ndonga R22. This is also the pattern predicted by computational models of vowel system structure from Liljencrants and Lindblom (1972) to Schwartz et al. Waveform and spectrogram of the middle syllable of the Fwe K402 word [ruoma] papyrus, spoken by a female speaker. The high vowels /i/ and/u/ are lower and more centralised than those in Xhosa S41 and Kalanga S16 and could be transcribed [] and [], respectively. This pattern of co-occurrences is not one which suggests a phonological role for ATR. Bantu languages provide an opportunity to compare phonetic differences between fairly large numbers of related languages. Vietti In Most strikingly, the high vowels /i u/ are placed lower than the mid vowels /e o/. Figure 3.26 Textes originaux, recueillis et traduits en Franais et prcds dune esquisse grammaticale. The relative timing and durations of velar and front closures deduced from acoustic and aerodynamic data are graphed in Final lowering is fairly common across Bantu, but is not attested in Basaa A43a (Downing & Rialland 2016b). The accompaniment refers to all the other aspects of the click: laryngeal action and timing, nasal coupling, and the location (uvular or velar) and manner of release (abrupt or affricated) of the back closure. Barbosa ] and to be invariably long. Huffman, M. K. The traditional Bantu (people) government is therefore a model to revisit and update, in this world where people feel abused by politics. As a rough rule of thumb, vowels with a first formant lower than 400 Hz may be considered high vowels in a female voice. In the Bantoid language Mundabli (Voll 2012: 535), pharyngealised vowels correspond to final /k/ and // in cognates in its close relative Mufu. Phonological theories, phonetic theories, and hypotheses about patterns of sound change can be tested in this real-world laboratory, ensuring the popularity of Bantu languages as subjects of research for years to come. (2016) Information Structure in Bantu Languages. ), Prosodic Categories: Production, Perception and Comprehension, 243265. Philippson, G. (eds. I am a member of the publication's editorial board and strongly support the publication, Authored by: (eds. (ed. The closures overlap for 100 ms, until frame 140. D. L. Cibelli, E. Many Bantu languages have relatively simple segmental inventories. , B. K. (1914) La langue Thonga. , Figure 3.32 & Collins In contrast to these two affricated click types, a post-alveolar click is released without affrication. a/. Some speakers of Southern Ndebele S407 have a reduced click inventory (Schulz & Laine 2016). Fridjhon Paper presented at the 32nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics. , Co-occurrence restrictions of a harmonic nature between vowels, very typical of sub-Saharan African languages, are quite commonly found in Bantu languages, though often limited in extent, e.g., only applying in certain morphological contexts, such as between verb roots and extensions. Tonga M64 does not preserve Proto-Bantu vowel length, but has developed long vowels from intervocalic consonant loss. Roux, J. C. Figure 3.29 Louw Stem-initial syllables typically have a greater number of segmental contrasts than found elsewhere (Downing 2010). Zerbian, S. , (eds. Lexical stems have a system of seven oral vowels but only five nasal vowels. Palatogram of [ana] spoken by a Soga JE16 speaker. K. The Impact of Bantu Languages on English Pronunciation Paulo Hadi E. Manuel University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, United States Bantu languages are dialects spoken in the central and southern Africa. (forthcoming) for a description of the methodology used to obtain the images. 4: 85165. Yeyi R41 has eight different accompaniments (Fulop et al. Los Angeles: UCLA Department of Linguistics (Available online at. ), Proceedings of the Sixth Australian Conference on Speech Science and Technology, 5560. Ndinga-Koumba-Binza This is particularly apparent for the front vowels, which are equally spaced from each other. T. ), The Bantu Languages, 475500. The second line marks the time-point at which the velar closure is released. A majority of Bantu languages have a tonal distinction of High and Low tones, which often may combine into contour tones. In (2006) Low Vowels andTtransparency in Kinande Vowel Harmony. (1983) Phontique et Phonologie: le systme consonantique du kinyarwanda. (1998) Aspirates: Their Development and Depression in Ikalanga. (1996) Notes on Unencoded Speech: Clicks and Their Accompaniments in Xhosa. Pharyngealised vowels occur in a few other Bantu languages including Gyele A801 (Blench 2011) and Jarawan Bantu (Rueck et al. Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. Africana Linguistica In G.-M. Phonemic Inventories and Cultural and Linguistic Information Across In M. Downing, L. J. & An unusual VOT contrast between partially voiced plosives and fully voiced stops, possibly implosives, has been described in Bekwel A85b (Cheucle 2014: 287) and the Kanincin variety of Ruwund L53 (Demolin 2015: 495). Figure 3.6 In Changana S53, whistling fricatives occur with a rounded lip posture (Shosted 2011) rather than the narrowed lip posture seen in Shona S10, Kalanga S16 and Tsonga S53. Evidently more study of the phonetic and sociolinguistic variation in this area would be of great interest. Kxa, Tuu and Khoe (Khoisan) languages tend to favour uvular rather than velar constrictions (cf. & I must now turn to a more detailed consideration of one Greenberg's language families and the word-lists which appear to be basic evidence. In the central (Imusho) variety of Fwe, the word papyrus may be pronounced with an unaspirated dental click ([ruoma]), as in Tervuren: Royal Museum for Central Africa (Available online at. Kingston, J. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 167194. R. A. Finlayson, R. and also illustrates the fact that depression is not necessarily associated with voicing as both /h/ and /h/ are voiceless (Downing & Gick 2001, Downing 2009). 46(2): 235246. & Each point represents the mean of six measurements, three of isolated vowel tokens, plus three tokens in final vowels in /alV/ nonsense words. (2009) On Pitch Lowering Not Linked to Voicing: Nguni and Shona Group Depressors. Although not seen in a mid-sagittal diagram, the sides of the tongue are also raised to complete the seal between anterior and dorsal closures. 2002, Malambe 2015), but Dogil and Roux (1996) argue that ejectives and clicks in Xhosa S41 are more resistant to coarticulation than other consonants. High tones tend to fall on the antepenult in Nguni S40 languages such as Xhosa S41, though the penult is stressed/lengthened (Downing 2010). H. S. In addition we may note that the front pair /i/ and // and the back pair /u/ and // have F2 values which are identical or nearly so, whereas Nyamwezi F22 /e o/ have F2 values intermediate between the higher and lower vowels in the system. (2000) An Explanation of Bantu Vowel Height Harmony in Terms of a Pre-Bantu Nasalized Vowel Lowering. He argues that, in two of these languages, Kom and Oku, * raised to /u/ and *u became fricated, sometimes occurring with a schwa [] offglide (Faytak & Merrill 2014). PDF Chapter 2. Morphosyntax of Swahili Introduction ), Proceedings of the 8th International Seminar on Speech Production, 137140. Rialland, A. A role for vowel nasalisation in the transmission of nasal consonant harmony across intervening vowels seems likely in the history of Bantu (Greenberg 1951, Hyman 1995). Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand Press. (2001) Shekgalagari Stop Consonants: A Phonetic and Phonological Study. Hon Pakendorf, B. Zerbian, S. Rous Bantu orthographies usually do not indicate these alternations, unless subsequent developments have created a contrast between, say, /b/ and //, or /b/ and //. (1990) A Linguistic Analysis of Venda. In This pattern may form the basis for the frequent shifting of a High tone to a later syllable. Dental vs. alveolar place of articulation, www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199935345-e-17, http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf, issp2008.loria.fr/Proceedings/PDF/issp200828.pdf, www.icphs2015.info/pdfs/Papers/ICPHS0522.pdf, www.icphs2015.info/pdfs/Papers/ICPHS0291.pdf. Voiceless, voiced, prenasalised and even aspirated stops may all pattern as depressor consonants (Chen & Downing 2011, Cibelli 2015, Lee 2015). Dental and lateral clicks are sometimes called noisy, affricated, or pre-affricated (Roux 2007), while the (post-)alveolar is described as abrupt or unaffricated. Palatal clicks in Yeyi R41 are somewhat fricated (Fulop et al. Tlale Brenzinger, M. , de Schryver Mabuta Labial flaps reportedly occur in various Southern Bantu languages, such as Nyanja N31a, Korekore S11, Manyika S13, Ndau S15 and Kalanga S16, and they may contrast with the labio-dental approximant // in the Zezuru S12 variety of Shona (Olson & Hajek 1999). Goesche Louw, J. Particularly striking in this connection is the velar ejective lateral affricate [k] of Zulu S42 (cf. ), The Bantu Languages, 639651. , Oxford: Oxford University Press. ), Selected Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 119129. & A vertical white dotted line has been added to facilitate comparison between the two images. Doke, C. M. J. S. ed. . Bloomington: Indiana University, PhD. (1993) Splitting the Mora. Tokyo: ILCAA. South African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies (1995) On the Perception and Production of Tone in Xhosa. Rialland The white horizontal lines indicate the width of the maximum cons-triction. . Miller, A. Meeussen, A. E. J.-M. (eds. ), Advances in African Linguistics, 265280. The majority of Bantu languages with some notable exceptions, particularly in the North-West have simple-looking systems of five or seven vowels in which the expected relationships between the features of vowel height, backness and rounding hold. (1997) Languages of the Eastern Caprivi. Limanski Y. One Bantu language, Swahili, is used as a lingua franca in East Africa by about 50 to 100 million people. G. ), Namibian Languages. , In this variety, some speakers fail to devoice, and others devoice intervocalically as well as after nasals (Zsiga et al. Campbell 2002, Bostoen 2008). Fry, C. Fang A75 vowel formant means. For instance, a contrast between HL and LH contours is restricted to long vowels in Rwanda JD61 (Myers 2003). G. In both cases aspects of timing are particularly relevant. A. Olson, K. , 2017: 20, Gunnink forthcoming), and may have even been lost where they were once attested. 88: 12861298. A. Journal of the International Phonetic Association Maddieson Front closure durations are shown as heavily stippled bars. There are many important interactions between these three aspects of phonetic structure and some of these will be taken up at the point where it seems appropriate to do so. . The Classification of the Bantu Languages. 45(1): 6169. B. In Zulu, for instance, the lexical function is shown in the contrast between yng doctor and yng moon or yl refuse and yl begin. The grammatical function is illustrated in mnt person and mnt it is a person or nghlnz I wash and nghlnz I washing (the participial form).
Who Has Lost The Most Afl Grand Finals,
Salem Grand Villa 2021,
Articles C
characteristics of bantu languages pdf