While interest in Australia grew in the 1990s amid concerns prompted by the impact of globalisation, economic change and fears fuelled by the war on terror[1], the concept has been examined by socialist dating all the way back to 19th century with mile Durkheim and Gustave Le Bon. Research in Australia shows that racial minorities, including Indigenous Peoples and migrants from non-European backgrounds, are adversely impacted by racism across diverse domains including the labour market, health, education, sport and the criminal justice system (Anthony & Blagg, 2020; Cunneen, 2006; Mansouri et al., 2012; Priest et al., 2012 (2016), Gender Quotas: Challenging the Boards, Performance, and the Stock Market. Twice he has now been subjected to racist slurs while on the football field. We should all be proud of our multicultural history. In considering the diversity of Indigenous peoples, an official definition of 'indigenous' has not been adopted by any United Nations (UN) system or body. Benefits of Social Diversity | Organizational Behavior and Human Relations [46] Kemeny,T. and A.Cooke (2017), Urban Immigrant Diversity and Inclusive Institutions, Economic Geography, Vol. In addition, there is evidence for the UnitedStates that at the city level, diversity generally has no significant impact on wages for low-skilled jobs, but has a positive impact on wages in high-skilled, high-income jobs that demand complex problem-solving (Cooke and Kemeny, 2017[27]). [19] Horwitz,S. and I.Horwitz (2007), The Effects of Team Diversity on Team Outcomes: A Meta-Analytic Review of Team Demography. A similar study for Denmark finds small negative effects on productivity while gender and age are not found to have an impact (Parrotta, Pozzoli and Pytlikova, 2014[12]). In recent years the Australian Multicultural Council has played an important leadership role in this regard. by looking at the impact of newly introduced gender quotas for boards, also tend to find that a subsequently higher share of women does not have a significant effect on firm performance (see for example Ferrari etal. Ancestral lands, waters and territories are of fundamental importance for their physical and cultural survival as peoples. [2] One third (34.8 per cent) of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people live in major cities [3]; 43.8 per cent live in regional areas; 7.7 per cent live in remote areas; and 13.7 . Furthermore, assessing the economic impact is difficult for two main reasons. The public discourse has been commonly labelled as the freedoms debate. In an address to the National Press Club earlier this year I described the freedoms debate as divisive and unproductive, in that it has polarised views and increased anxiety, particularly among minority groups. Experiencing discrimination can lead to poor health both physically and mentally, taking years of life expectancy. In 2012-13 we saw a dramatic increase of 59% in complaints based on racial vilification and hatred. Despite some contradictory findings, evidence generally points to a negative relationship between diversity and these indicators of social cohesion, although findings vary strongly across countries, level of analysis and the inclusion of moderating factors. Demonstrating that as a nation we have made important gains in making Australia more inclusive and respectful. 286-313. [23] Horwitz,S. and I.Horwitz (2007), The Effects of Team Diversity on Team Outcomes: A Meta-Analytic Review of Team Demography, Journal of Management, Vol. Term Definition; Diversity "The condition of having or being composed of differing elements" [4] Social Diversity "A successful community in which individuals of different race, ethnicity, religious beliefs, socioeconomic status, language, geographical origin, gender and/or sexual orientation bring their different knowledge, background, experience and interest for the benefit of their . Thank you to the Affinity Foundation for the invitation to be here tonight for the 2014 Iftar dinner and to celebrate Ramadan. Neighborhood Diversity, Interpersonal Trust and the Mediating Effect of Social Interactions. Sue brings over 15 years of HR and Diversity, Equity, Inclusion consultation experience. Social Diversity - The Complete Guide [2023] | Diversity & Social But we believe that they might be incompatible with fast-changing societies, where people living in mixed neighbourhoods are having contact with new cultures, norms and values. At the level of US States, they estimate that a 1-percentage point increase in the share of foreign-born STEM college graduates in the overall graduate population boosts patents per capita by 9-18 percent. Research on how population diversity affects macro-economic outcomes has largely focused on the impact of immigrant diversity and mostly find a positive impact for high-income countries. [35] Montalvo,J. and M.Reynal-Querol (2014), Cultural Diversity, Conflict, and Economic Development, in Ginsburgh, Victor A. Throsby,D. 30, pp. The Impacts of Diversity. Theory on human evolution and social diversity largely contends that the human brain has evolved a predisposition to protect our own groups, as survival was dependent on cooperation with members of that group. People of all cultures, background and faith have contributed to the development of the cultural and religious landscape of Australia. An increase in the proportion of complaints under the RDA that concern racial hatred (increase from 14% 19%), A significant increase (19%) in the proportion of racial hatred complaints about internet material (from 17% - 41%). [46] Kemeny,T. and A.Cooke (2017), Urban Immigrant Diversity and Inclusive Institutions. The Attorney-General has talked of a multi-front war being waged against freedom of speech and proposes new provisions to strengthen this freedom. It is a basic human right one that we all share in common; a right enshrined in the Universal Declaration and a number of other treaties that make up the body of international law. Growth Of Work Opportunities [36] Dinesen,P. and K.Snderskov (2017), Ethnic Diversity and Social Trust: A Critical Review of the Literature and Suggestions for a Research Agenda, in Uslaner,E. It is central to our national identity. Social Impact: Definition and Why is Social Impact Important? 9-44. on ethnic diversity, see also Balestra and Fleischer (2018[2])), on the other hand, quantifying diversity is not an easy endeavour given the multiple groups any person belongs to (gender, ethnicity, age, religion etc.). [37] Letki,N. (2008), Does Diversity Erode Social Cohesion? The authors argue that this may be linked to too much board monitoring. (ed.). Here are some key reasons why diversity is important: The Commissions position is that in the current form, the exposure Bill as drafted should not proceed. Findings of a survey of Human Resource professionals across a range of OECD countries (see Box2.1 for more detail) also show that participating firms have become increasingly concerned with this topic; around two in three think that the topic of diversity management has become more important in their firm in the past fiveyears. With increasingly diverse societies, there has been a strong interest in better understanding whether and how diversity affects economic outcomes. [3] Chellaraj,G., K.Maskus and A.Mattoo (2008), The contribution of international graduate students to US innovation, Review of International Economics, Vol. (2010[17]) present similar results for the impact of ethnic diversity in boards in the UnitedStates, which is found to have no significant impact on firm performance. Much of this literature therefore tests the underlying assumption that more diverse companies can make better decisions and products because women and minorities differ in their knowledge, experiences or management styles and therefore can bring new insights and perspectives. Economic arguments can only serve to reinforce the obligation of ensuring the labour market inclusion of diverse groups rooted in the idea of promoting a society that is just and equitable, valuing diversity, providing equal opportunities to all its members, irrespective of their various characteristics. (2015), Does Gender Matter? 2. During the election campaign, the Coalition promised to repeal or wind back Section 18C of the Racial Discrimination Act, to prevent any repetition of the Bolt case. 40, pp. At first glance, protecting our own group seems to be at odds with approaching unknown groups, who might be friends or foes. We are different precisely in order to realise our need of one another. Im sure you will all agree with me when I say, that is this diversity that is one of Australias greatest strengths and assets. In the second reading speech for the Bill the Attorney-General, Michael Lavarch, stated that: It needs to be recognised that racial hatred does not exist in a vacuumit provides a climate in which people of a particular race or ethnic origin live in fear and in which discrimination can thrive. due differences in worldviews, discrimination, Trade facilitation and new markets: easier access to markets abroad, better understanding of diverse customer base, new clients, Increased availability of goods and services: e.g. [3] UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA). The legislation provides for a Commission constituted by a President, and seven Commissioners that broadly reflect those human rights that have been the subject of federal legislation. [30] Bove,V. and L.Elia (2017), Migration, Diversity, and Economic Growth, World Development, Vol. (ed.). We accept and try to resolve by conciliation individual complaints of discrimination and human rights under the four major pieces of legislation. Social Capital and Race in British Neighbourhoods, Political Studies, Vol. [30] Bove,V. and L.Elia (2017), Migration, Diversity, and Economic Growth, [31] Bellini,E. etal. Finally, the chapter notes ethical reasons for fostering a just and equitable labour market alongside the economic argument for diversity. The majority of country-specific studies focuses on the UnitedStates. Overall, however, the effect is small; a 1-percentage point increase in the share of foreign-born lowers support for redistribution only by about 0.2 percent. Similarly, an analysis of reports filed in the context of the Dutch diversity law Wet SAMEN finds that skilled labour market shortage impacts ethnic minority representation positively (Verbeek, 2012[50]). While other nations have faced racial tensions and riots, we have experienced long-term social stability. 1945-1960. Such events have been labelled as casual racism.. Brothablack, Social cohesion, multiculturalism and racism. Miguel R. Ramos received funding for the project discussed in this article from the Nuffield Foundation. Access to this content in this format requires a current subscription or a prior purchase. Social diversity is a global issue - and it has contributed to major geopolitical events such as Brexit and the fractious nature of the European refugee crisis. The consequence is that, for the first time in decades, an Australian government is seeking to water down legislation protecting human rights, and to reverse a trend towards increased protection for of the rights of minorities and vulnerable Australians. We found that the initial negative effects were being driven by a reduction in trust of others around them in countries, with increased religious diversity. Oxfam Australia commissioned Deloitte Access Economics to analyse the economic and social impact an expanded refugee program may have on Australia's economy and society. We conduct national inquiries to bring special attention to issues of concern; (eg: National Inquiry into Children in Immigration Detention). For process innovation, only diversity in nationality has a significant, negative impact. [11] stergaard,C., B.Timmermans and K.Kristinsson (2011), Does a Different View Create Something New? Matthew Bennett received funding for the project discussed in this article from the Nuffield Foundation, but the views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily the Foundation. Gaining a better understanding on how contextual factors mediate the impact of diverse teams is therefore an important area for future research, but due to the limited availability of data on such micro-level aspects of team composition and management, these studies will most likely have to focus on individual firms rather than a representative sample. For attitudes and behaviour to change we need a multifaceted response one that incorporates education, policy and legislation. No complaint under these acts can go to a court, unless and until the matter has been considered by the Commission. [9]http://www.theage.com.au/afl/afl-news/adam-goodes-again-targeted-as-clubs-condemn-racist-fans-20140520-zrib6.html#ixzz35RGME0UZ, Social cohesion in a multicultural Australia: The importance of human rights, Copyright Australian Human Rights Commission, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_mtw5ZAtbaY, http://www.scanlonfoundation.org.au/research.html, http://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/briefings/immigration-diversity-and-social-cohesion, http://undesadspd.org/SocialIntegration/Definition.aspx, http://www.dss.gov.au/our-responsibilities/settlement-and-multicultural-affairs/publications/current-and-emerging-drivers-for-social-cohesion-social-division-and-conflict-in-multicultural-australia, www.uws.edu.au/social_sciences/soss/research/challenging_racism/findings_by_region, http://www.theage.com.au/afl/afl-news/adam-goodes-again-targeted-as-clubs-condemn-racist-fans-20140520-zrib6.html#ixzz35RGME0UZ, The concept of social cohesion, and its relationship to human rights in particular racial discrimination, The role of the Australian Human Rights Commission and how we contribute to social cohesion by addressing racial discrimination and vilification in Australia. Socioeconomic Status Explained - Diversity for Social Impact 2018/09, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/89bae654-en. An Uphill Battle, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264281318-en (accessed on 5October2017). Studies have shown that good governance on a country and regional level increase generalised trust and render an otherwise negative impact of diversity insignificant (Murtin etal., 2018[45]; Delhey and Newton, 2005[41]). We intervene in court proceedings that involve human rights issues; we examine laws relating to certain rights and often propose improvements to those laws; (eg: We conduct research and propose new policy and standards which would promote the enjoyment of human rights (eg: Age discrimination research reports; sexual abuse in the Australian Defence Force). They find a positive impact in the order of 4.5 percent, 6.8 percent and 5.0 percent, respectively for a 10 percent increase in the foreign graduate students as a percentage of total graduate students. [2] Balestra,C. and L.Fleischer (2018), Diversity statistics in the OECD:How do OECD countries collect data on ethnic, racial and indigenous identity?, OECD Statistics Working Papers, No. [21] Bell,S. etal. This chapter reviews studies that analyse the economic impact of diversity on the macro (country), meso (region) and micro (firm or team) levels, as diversity is likely to be relevant on all these levels but through different mechanisms and with different outcomes.1 In addition, it provides a short overview of the literature on how diversity may spill over and impact social cohesion and preferences for redistribution. Much of the literature on team performance and diversity belongs to the field of social psychology and management studies and assesses how diverse teams operate at the firm level. Douglas Massey receives funding from the U.S. National Institute of Child Health and Human Behavior. [44] Pettigrew,T. etal. However, while the impact of diversity might be small, there is a strong economic argument against discrimination and non-inclusion based on the sizeable cost associated with it. 33/6, pp. The Australian Human Rights Commission was established as an independent statutory authority in 1986 through legislation that is now called the Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 (Cth). The literature shows that a number of factors have a strong mediating impact; social exclusion and disadvantage, inequality, inter-group contact and social interactions as well as the role of governance and institutions are important explanatory factors. Academia has reacted to these changes with growing concern about the implications of social diversity. A priori, there are no strong reasons that population diversity itself would have a macro-economic effect. Racism. How racism and a lack of diversity can harm our workplaces We are all diminished as a consequence. For the same reporting year we received 500 complaints under the Racial Discrimination Act, equating to nearly a quarter of all complaints received by the Commission. 85-96. People of all cultures, background and faith have contributed to the development of the cultural and religious landscape of Australia. As part of our Racism.It stops with me campaign we have tried to build on this bystander approach and have released a community announcement featuring Racism.It stops with me Ambassador, Adam Goodes. Most studies discussed in this section discuss the impact of migrant diversity and gender, which reflects both the interest of the public debate as well as the focus of the literature. [6] Dohse,D. and R.Gold (2014), Determining the Impact of Cultural Diversity on Regional Economies in Europe, WWW for Europe project WP no 58. The Commission is Australias national human rights institution accredited with an A status under the Paris Principles. Today, Australia's population of about 23 million is one of the most interesting and diverse populations in the world. [9] Brunow,S. and B.Stockinger (2013), Establishments and regions cultural diversity as a source of innovation: Evidence from Germany, NORFACE Discussion Paper, No. Panel data fixed effects models, which often help accounting for unobserved heterogeneity, do not work for firm-level studies due to the small within-firm variation. First, the individual or interpersonal level, which includes everyday racism that happens with speech, glances. Face the facts: Cultural Diversity | Australian Human - Human Rights Retaining Long-Term Employees 3. On the contrary, Adams and Ferreira (2009[16]) found that female directors had a significant effect on board inputs and firm outcomes in a sample of US firms. Societies and individuals are facing new challenges as they engage with (or sometimes avoid) people from different backgrounds, faiths and beliefs. [26] Alesina,A., J.Harnoss and H.Rapoport (2016), Birthplace diversity and economic prosperity. 2018/02, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/869ef2ec-en. 35, pp. In 1975, the Racial Discrimination Act came into force, making discrimination in different parts of public life against the law. What is social impact? Together, these three datasets included more than 338,000 respondents interviewed in 100 countries across the world. [14] Pletzer,J. etal. This can be seen as an indication that board diversity is more than a numbers game, but that the context and gender stereotypes matter, for example whether women or minorities on boards have a de facto equal standing when it comes to decision making. Another study including around 200 European regions suggests that the impact of migrant diversity on innovation is positive and shows an inverse U-shape relationship. Despite the extensive examination by socialists and theorists there is no universally agreed definition of social cohesion. To understand the place of these laws in our society it is important to consider why they were introduced in the first place. Why is Diversity Important? - Diversity for Social Impact There is a large, multi-disciplinary interest on the impact of diversity, including the field of management and HR, psychology and economics, including labour economics, trade and the political economy literature. We provide education about human rights to improve awareness, understanding and respect for rights in our community and Ill discuss this with you in the context of racial discrimination a little later. The Australian Human Rights Commission is in a special position to make this observation because we handle over 17,000 inquiries and formal complaints each year. Furthermore, gender-diverse boards allocate more effort to monitoring, while CEO compensation is found to be more sensitive to stock performance. One of those submissions was from the Australian Human Rights Commission. But over time, individuals adapted to changes in society and began to reap the benefits of diversity, with quality of life returning to initial levels. The average correlation was .05, i.e. The Migration Observatory at the University of Oxford. Or consider purchasing the publication. [13] Post,C. and K.Byron (2015), Women on Boards and Firm Financial Performance: A Meta-Analysis. is the online library of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) featuring its books, papers, podcasts and statistics and is the knowledge base of OECD's analysis and data. Diversity in Australia | Diversity for Social Impact Why this is the case is difficult to determine. 18/5, pp. It is itself a threat to the well-being of the whole community as well as to the individual or groups in the communitythe bill strikes a balance between the right of free speech and other rights of Australians.. it provides a safety net for racial harmony in Australia sends a clear warming to those who might attack the principle of tolerance.. and provides Australians who are the victims of racial hatred or violence with protection. . For France, there is also evidence that biased managers have a negative impact on how ethnic minorities perform on the job. (2011), Getting Specific about Demographic Diversity Variable and Team Performance Relationships: A Meta-Analysis. through instrumental variables (IV) estimation, is limited. Diversity is also about recognising, respecting and valuing differences based on ethnicity, gender, age, race, religion . Table2.1 highlights the main channels proposed in the literature on how diversity could positively or negatively impact outcomes at a firm level or affect societies more broadly. Diversity Council of Australia an independent not-for-profit peak body leading diversity and inclusion in the workplace. [5] Ozgen,C., P.Nijkamp and J.Poot (2012), Immigration and innovation in European regions, in Nijkamp,N., J.Poot and M.Sahin (eds.). . In the context of increasingly diverse populations, there is a clear interest in gauging the economic impact of diversity.
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what is the social impact of diversity in australia