Zhu, Y.-G. et al. 150, 106436 (2021). (p. 327) Elevated levels of which type of lipoprotein are clearly associated with atherosclerosis? J. Environ. Radically reducing emissions of exceptionally high concentrations from drug manufactures is one such apparent starting point17,19,59. Mainfactor In contrast to managing risks with most other pollutants, the relevant protection target related to antibiotic resistance development is bacteria, rather than (aquatic) wildlife or humans. Question 7 ( 1 point ) The main factors believed to influence bacterial resistance are A Question 7 options : A ) the frequency of resistance genes among bacteria , and antibiotic overuse . To reduce discharges from antibiotic manufacturing, a number of such actions either were initiated recently or have been proposed by governments151,159,160,161 or multinational organizations, such as the European Union20, the G7 (ref.162), the United Nations Environment Programme17, and the Word Health Organization, the World Organisation for Animal Health and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations21. B. PVD is made worse by tobacco use. Antibiotics are medicines used to prevent and treat bacterial infections. This is in contrast to high-level industrial antibiotic pollution, for which many stakeholders already consider the risks unacceptable, and the core challenge now is rather how to accomplish change157. Cold Spring Harb. C. Smoking effects appear to decrease about 10 years after tobacco use is stopped. Dis. Population-level surveillance of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli through sewage analysis. Emerging investigators series: sewer surveillance for monitoring antibiotic use and prevalence of antibiotic resistance: urban sewer epidemiology. B Biol. D. fungi, 37. Fahrenfeld, N. & Bisceglia, K. J. Man-made antibiotics, on the other hand, act on a macroscale and are typically associated with selection pressures across entire microbial communities. The association between insertion sequences and antibiotic resistance genes. Environ. Curr. Sci. The role of the surface environment in healthcare-associated infections. To improve awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance. C. Malaria D. melanoma. Spencer, S. J. et al. 87. 112, 279286 (2018). D. smoking. The first can be the association of a chromosomal ARG (red) with, for example, insertions sequences (ISs; green), which provide intracellular mobility. Strategic approach for prioritising local and regional sanitation interventions for reducing global antibiotic resistance. (p. 360) Belinda recently completed a treatment program for breast cancer. When you are prescribed Antibiotics, stop taking them as soon as you start feeling better. (p. 323) A blood clot that develops at a distant site and then travels to a blood vessel, where it becomes lodged and blocks blood flow The proposed approach63 has rapidly been applied widely, also in regulatory151 and industrial152 initiatives to curb risks for selection in the environment. (p. 292) After an infection or immunization, memory cells develop and can lead to a rapid response if the same organism is encountered by the body again. The third step is the horizontal transfer of a mobilized resistance gene, either directly to a pathogen or via one or several intermediary bacterial hosts. Linton, K. B., Richmond, M. H., Bevan, R. & Gillespie, W. A. PubMed B. bronchitis B. cellular "suicide" Exploring the recent history of resistance factors that already have become clinical problems is one possible strategy to reveal patterns and enable generalizations49. Microbiol. 29. D. headaches, 74. J. Antimicrob. A. 147, 729740 (2019). Proc. Of 22 ARGs with strong evidence for their recent origin down to species level, 21 came from species that at least occasionally are associated with infections in humans and/or domestic animals49. Sewage epidemiology is still in its infancy, at least with regard to how well the regional clinical resistance situation can be predicted. Ann. D. Tuberculosis, 86. D. Asian American, 72. Environ. Rev. (p. 348) Many naturally occurring environmental exposures increase risk for cancer. Increases in temperature and population density are associated with antibiotic resistance, and resistance may get stronger over time. Szymaska, U. et al. C. Rates of both cancers are decreasing among younger adults. Environmental analyses of antibiotics advanced greatly in the past few decades; however, it can be challenging to accurately identify and quantify antibiotics that often occur at nanogram per litre levels in complex matrices53,145. A remaining and pressing knowledge gap is our limited understanding of where and under what circumstances the critical steps occur that lead to the emergence of new forms of resistance in clinically important bacteria. Hepatitis C Phytopathol. Antibiotics and antifungals save lives, but their use can encourage the emergence of bacterial strains that . C. P cell (p. 328) Which of the following statements regarding cardiovascular health and diabetes is FALSE? This strong over-representation is coherent with the hypothesis that human and/or domestic animals provide the most important environments for resistance evolution under a selection pressure from antibiotics. The possibility to screen bacteria from up to millions of people in the same sample makes the approach considerably less resource demanding than traditional surveillance of clinical isolates, a feature which would have a particularly high value in low-income regions116. The main factors believed to influence bacterial resistance are Google Scholar. The concentrations needed for selection or co-selection are even less studied for metals and biocides, and need further attention. We therefore argue that the clinical significance of resistance evolution resulting from the environmental release of ARGs that are already commonly encountered in the human microbiota is probably limited91. Begin using condoms within the first year of having intercourse. https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.01686-17 (2018). Feel free to get in touch with us via email. (p. 287) When a tick transfers Lyme disease from a deer to a human, the tick is considered the ________ in the chain of infection. 39. C. 43 million B. Conceptual illustration of how evolution leading to the emergence of a new antibiotic resistance gene (ARG; red) in pathogens can involve the environment and/or the human/domestic animal microbiota to different extents. A conceptual framework for the environmental surveillance of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. C. the initiating event agent D. Chest X-rays are recommended as a routine screening test for lung cancer. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02892 (2019). Environ. Ensure a robust national action plan to tackle antibiotic resistance is in place. Graham, D. W. et al. Environ. Kozajda, A., Jeak, K. & Kapsa, A. CAS Environmental factors influencing the development and spread of antibiotic resistance. Antimicrobial (Drug) Resistance - National Institute of Allergy and 7, 282291 (2020). (p. 352) One of the main screening tests available for prostate cancer is the ________ test. The majority of infectious diseases are bacterial in origin. D. Angioplasty a. Microbiol. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter. Environmental release of faecal bacteria may also boost the evolutionary process by providing genetic elements that are adapted to capture and transfer ARGs. Improve biosecurity on farms and prevent infections through improved hygiene and animal welfare. Antibiotic resistance can arise both from mutations in the pre-existing genome of a bacterium and from the uptake of foreign DNA. New resistance mechanisms are emerging and spreading globally, threatening our ability to treat common infectious diseases. Zhu, G. et al. A. less than 10 percent Biol. Elevated blood glucose levels. 7, 13803 (2016). Pollut. Gillings, M. R., Paulsen, I. T. & Tetu, S. G. Genomics and the evolution of antibiotic resistance. Kimura, M. & Ohta, T. The average number of generations until fixation of a mutant gene in a finite population. Which of the following statements about antibiotic resistance is false? A. Urbanization and swelling cities have contributed to the spread of tuberculosis. A. Pertussis C. Virulence Without urgent action, we are heading for a post-antibiotic era, in which common infections and minor injuries can once again kill. Chem. Environ. Rev. Transcription factors that are activators boost a gene's transcription. C. Bacteria can normally be found in humans. Lett. C. stem cell protection Antibiotic use is not a factor in antibiotic resistance. On the technical side, installing basic treatment of waste streams, whether industrial, municipal or from animal sources, should have high priority as it addresses many types of risks, not the least substantial transmission risks for several pathogens (including resistant bacteria) and deterioration of valuable water resources164. Sci. Sivalingam, P., Pot, J. Rev. Nat. D. transient ischemic attack, 49. C. stem cell protection Antibiotic resistance is ancient. B. Bacteria can only pass resistant genes on to their progeny. Epidemiol. C. PVD is a clue to advanced atherosclerosis. D. Gestational. Although the natural production of antibiotic molecules most likely contributed to the (more ancient) evolution of ARGs5, it is not responsible for the rapid evolutionary expansion and spread of resistance factors across strains, species and environments that we have observed since the introduction of antibiotics as therapeutic agents. CABI Agric. Lewis, K. Platforms for antibiotic discovery. ISME J. D. the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Wellington, E. M. et al. Ballast water is a mobile carrier for the global transfer of bacteria and genes, thus posing a certain risk of ARGs spreading into the global ocean. Evol. 100% (2 ratings) Ans:- The physical factors that bacterial growth are mentioned below. Nat. Identification of 76 novel B1 metallo-beta-lactamases through large-scale screening of genomic and metagenomic data. Pathogens 9, 874 (2020). PubMed Central A growing number of infections such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, gonorrhoea, and salmonellosis are becoming harder to treat as the antibiotics used to treat them become less effective. (p. 323) Which of the following conditions, with sudden onset, is NOT a signal that a stroke has occurred? Some microorganisms that cause illnesses are killed by antibiotics and antifungals, but they also destroy good germs that shield our bodies from infection. MRSA, also called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or multiple-resistant S. aureus, bacterium in the genus Staphylococcus that is characterized by its resistance to the antibiotic methicillin and to related semisynthetic penicillins. Environ. Although this must be seen as a positive initiative, the near-complete lack of disclosure of both production sites for active ingredients and emission levels18 makes it difficult to judge progress, reinforcing that industrial pollution is rarely resolved without active interference from public institutions. Dis. D. Stem cell C. nasal hairs (p. 301) Which of the following statements regarding tuberculosis is FALSE? Pollution from azithromycin-manufacturing promotes macrolide-resistance gene propagation and induces spatial and seasonal bacterial community shifts in receiving river sediments. View the full answer. High-throughput quantification of antibiotic resistance genes from an urban wastewater treatment plant. In addition, it is also a possibility that ARGs present in faecal bacteria that are introduced into the environment could contribute to clinically relevant evolution of resistance by being transferred horizontally in one or several steps to pathogens, which might ultimately infect humans. Flach, C. F. et al. Direct selection and co-selection are likely to be more critical. 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Rev. Perspect. Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: an examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries. 1441, 1730 (2019). Nat. The exact selective agents responsible therein could not be identified, but the relatively high levels of antibiotics in hospital wastewater make them plausible drivers of resistance selection. Diarrhea A. Prediabetes The confidence interval associated with such estimates could be high150 unless there is good replication around the MSC. Regulate and promote the appropriate use and disposal of quality medicines. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00158 (2011). B. tobacco use 33. A. Colon cancer is the third most common cause of cancer death. Antibiotic Resistance: What Is It, Complications & Treatment (p. 336) The two most common forms of chronic lung disease are asthma and A., Munck, C., Toft-Kehler, R. V. & Andersson, D. I. Although plausible, definite evidence for such direct selection in sewage treatment plants is still lacking, and some evidence points to the opposite69. G7 Health Ministers Declaration, Oxford, 4 June 2021, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/992268/G7-health_ministers-communique-oxford-4-june-2021_5.pdf (2021). (p. 333) Probably caused by a combination of genetic, autoimmune, and environmental factors Margot, J. et al. Resource-efficient management should therefore include intensified actions in LMICs. D. Women with a genetic predisposition for ovarian cancer have about a 10 percent chance of developing ovarian cancer. D. Diets that include red and pink fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk for prostate cancer. FEMS Microbiol. Microbiome https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-017-0379-y (2017). This study shows that plasmids that are common in pathogens can easily be taken up by diverse environmental bacteria, thereby providing pathways for the exchange of resistance genes. Microbiol. Commun. Med. A. HDL levels are mainly determined by genetics. (p. 289) Megan suffers from candidiasis, a vaginal yeast infection. As all the bacteria have their opt . That means these germs are not killed and continue to grow. Microchem. Environ. A. The role of selective agents in environmental transmission, if any, is unclear. Sundin, G. W. & Wang, N. Antibiotic resistance in plant-pathogenic bacteria. Pneumonia To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, individuals can: To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, policy makers can: To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, health professionals can: To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, the health industry can: To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance, the agriculture sector can: While there are some new antibiotics in development, none of them are expected to be effective against the most dangerous forms of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Sci. 58. B. 126, 7987 (2017). (p. 333-335) Which type of obesity is NOT associated with obesity? Infect. Still, the concentrations suspected to select for resistance (see later) are exceeded in many places, such as in sewage treatment plants14,63 suggesting, but not proving, that antibiotic pollution plays a role in the evolution of resistance. 17. Isolation of novel IncA/C and IncN fluoroquinolone resistance plasmids from an antibiotic-polluted lake. Presence of SARS-coronavirus-2 RNA in sewage and correlation with reported COVID-19 prevalence in the early stage of the epidemic in the Netherlands. Swedish Procurement Agency. Martinez, J. L. The role of natural environments in the evolution of resistance traits in pathogenic bacteria. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf Assess. An infected person remains symptomatic after the viral load set point is established. Article A critical bottleneck is likely to be the selection of the rare genotypes with acquired resistance that result from mobilization and/or HGT, genotypes that otherwise would disappear46. Adv. A. A. hepatitis C. Never demand antibiotics if your health worker says you dont need them. Two other factors that contribute to the fast evolution of viruses are large population size and rapid lifecycle. B. low density lipoproteins (LDLs) Discov. D. Gestational. C. CA125 A. Innate immunity These distinct objectives are also best informed by analyses of different environmental matrices, as outlined recently116. C. melanoma, basal cell, and squamous cell, 40. Transcription factors are proteins that help turn specific genes "on" or "off" by binding to nearby DNA. Microbiome 5, 5 (2017). Comprehensive screening of genomic and metagenomic data reveals a large diversity of tetracycline resistance genes. & Cai, Y. Talk to your patients about how to take antibiotics correctly, antibiotic resistance and the dangers of misuse. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01439-6 (2020). Sci. A. host (p. 344) Which of the following does NOT trigger an initiating event? The concentrations of antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals in sewage are usually reasonably stable over time, but can show diurnal patterns146. Still, although resistance surveillance in sewage provides several benefits over traditional surveillance, more research and extensive benchmarking are required to understand the potential and limitations, and to bring this surveillance strategy into practical use. This overlaps with the main objectives of classic, clinical resistance surveillance, which is critical for guiding empirical treatment, for evaluating interventions, and for identifying regional and temporal trends of resistance. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in response to the use of these medicines. & Joakim Larsson, D. G. A comprehensive screening of Escherichia coli isolates from Scandinavias largest sewage treatment plant indicates no selection for antibiotic resistance. Dis. Antimicrob. Alcohol use influences HDL levels. In the most extreme cases, all genetic steps occur in either the environment (top) or in the human or domestic animal microbiota (bottom). ABBREVIATIONS; ANAGRAMS; BIOGRAPHIES; CALCULATORS; CONVERSIONS; DEFINITIONS; GRAMMAR . Quantitative PCR arrays can be a good compromise between coverage and sensitivity140. 53 thousand Therefore, analyses of selection pressures, being the most well recognized driver of resistance development, are commonly used as surrogates for risk. Solved Last night, while watching television, you saw an - Chegg Front. 144, 106083 (2020). Definition of main factor in the Definitions.net dictionary. The main factors believed to influence bacterial resistance are Multiple Choice a. rate of bacteria growth and poor hand-washing practices. (p. 334) Visceral fat, as indicated by abdominal circumference and lack of physical activity, appears to be a strong indicator of risk for which type of diabetes? 46, 1154111549 (2012). When the presence of antibiotics and antifungals forces bacteria and fungi to adapt, antimicrobial resistance is increased. Bengtsson-Palme, J., Kristiansson, E. & Larsson, D. G. J. C. chronic bronchitis J. Antimicrob. Prevent infections by ensuring your hands, instruments, and environment are clean. The emergence of new ARGs in the clinic occurs only when all events align in time and space48. Expert Rev. (p. 334) Type-2 diabetes accounts for ________ of all cases of diabetes. What does main factor mean? Commun. 7, 511516 (2020). Front. J. Med. Karkman, A., Berglund, F., Flach, C.-F., Kristiansson, E. & Larsson, D. G. J. B. the type of stem cell that mutates (p. 298) Which of the following statements about antibiotic resistance in bacteria is FALSE? B. UVA rays The consequences of single gene transfer events may be vast and are irreversible. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Nature Reviews Microbiology (Nat Rev Microbiol)
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the main factors believed to influence bacterial resistance are